Cifuentes-Arenas Juan Camilo, de Goes António, de Miranda Marcelo Pedreira, Beattie George Andrew Charles, Lopes Silvio Aparecido
Departamento de Fitossanidade, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita Filho', Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Departamento Científico, Fundecitrus, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
PLoS One. 2018 Jan 5;13(1):e0190563. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190563. eCollection 2018.
The biology and behaviour of the psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Liviidae), the major insect vector of bacteria associated with huanglongbing, have been extensively studied with respect to host preferences, thermal requirements, and responses to visual and chemical volatile stimuli. However, development of the psyllid in relation to the ontogeny of immature citrus flush growth has not been clearly defined or illustrated. Such information is important for determining the timing and frequency of measures used to minimize populations of the psyllid in orchards and spread of HLB. Our objective was to study how flush ontogeny influences the biotic potential of the psyllid. We divided citrus flush growth into six stages within four developmental phases: emergence (V1), development (V2 and V3), maturation (V4 and V5), and dormancy (V6). Diaphorina citri oviposition and nymph development were assessed on all flush stages in a temperature controlled room, and in a screen-house in which ambient temperatures varied. Our results show that biotic potential of Diaphorina citri is not a matter of the size or the age of the flushes (days after budbreak), but the developmental stage within its ontogeny. Females laid eggs on flush V1 to V5 only, with the time needed to commence oviposition increasing with the increasing in flush age. Stages V1, V2 and V3 were most suitable for oviposition, nymph survival and development, and adult emergence, which showed evidence of protandry. Flush shoots at emerging and developmental phases should be the focus of any chemical or biological control strategy to reduce the biotic potential of D. citri, to protect citrus tree from Liberibacter infection and to minimize HLB dissemination.
柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama（半翅目：粉虱亚目：木虱科）是与黄龙病相关细菌的主要昆虫传播媒介，其生物学特性和行为在宿主偏好、温度需求以及对视觉和化学挥发性刺激的反应方面已得到广泛研究。然而，柑橘木虱的发育与未成熟柑橘新梢生长的个体发育之间的关系尚未得到明确界定或阐述。此类信息对于确定用于减少果园中柑橘木虱种群数量和黄龙病传播的措施的时机和频率非常重要。我们的目标是研究新梢个体发育如何影响柑橘木虱的生物潜能。我们将柑橘新梢生长分为四个发育阶段内的六个阶段：萌动期（V1）、发育期（V2和V3）、成熟期（V4和V5）和休眠期（V6）。在温度可控的室内以及环境温度变化的防虫网室中，对所有新梢阶段的柑橘木虱产卵和若虫发育情况进行了评估。我们的结果表明，柑橘木虱的生物潜能并非取决于新梢的大小或年龄（芽萌发后的天数），而是取决于其个体发育中的发育阶段。雌虫仅在V1至V5阶段的新梢上产卵，开始产卵所需的时间随着新梢年龄的增加而增加。V1、V2和V3阶段最适合产卵、若虫存活和发育以及成虫羽化，且表现出雄性先熟的迹象。萌动期和发育期的新梢应成为任何化学或生物防治策略的重点，以降低柑橘木虱的生物潜能，保护柑橘树免受韧皮部杆菌感染，并最大限度地减少黄龙病的传播。
