Activation of a Cell Surface Signaling Pathway in Requires ClpP Protease and New Sigma Factor Synthesis.

Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors control expression of large numbers of genes in bacteria. Most ECF sigma factors are inhibited by antisigma proteins, with inhibition being relieved by environmental signals that lead to inactivation of the antisigma protein and consequent sigma factor activity. In cell surface signaling (CSS) systems in Gram negative bacteria antisigma activity is controlled by an outer membrane protein receptor and its ligand. In one such system controls expression of genes for secretion and uptake of a siderophore, pyoverdine. In this system the activities of two sigma factors σ and σ are inhibited by antisigma protein FpvR that binds to the sigma factors, preventing their interaction with core RNA polymerase. Transport of ferripyoverdine by its outer membrane receptor FpvA causes proteolytic degradation of FpvR, inducing expression of σ- and σ-dependent target genes. Here we show that degradation of FpvR and induction of target gene expression was initiated within 1 min of addition of pyoverdine. FpvR was only partially degraded in a mutant lacking the intracellular ClpP protease, resulting in an FpvR subfragment (FpvR) that inhibited σ and σ. The translation inhibitor chloramphenicol did not prevent induction of an σ-dependent gene, showing that degradation of FpvR released pre-existing σ in an active form. However, chloramphenicol inhibited induction of σ-dependent genes showing that active σ is not released when FpvR is degraded and instead, σ must be synthesized in the absence of FpvR to be active. These findings show that sigma factor activation occurs rapidly following addition of the inducing signal in a CSS pathway and requires ClpP protease. Induction of gene expression that can arise from release of active sigma from an antisigma protein but can also require new sigma factor synthesis.