Roe Pamela
Biol Bull. 1986 Dec;171(3):640-646. doi: 10.2307/1541629.
When juveniles of Carcinonemertes spp. are removed from male crabs and raised in the laboratory, a 50:50 sex ratio is obtained. Isolated females produce egg strings typical of Carcinonemertes, except that the embryos are haploid, with about 13 chromosomes per cell. Larvae develop at least to hatching, and some do hatch. Nearly all of the 146 females so raised produced egg strings. Larvae of all females raised in isolation were haploid while larvae of females put with males were diploid. Females from both U.S. west coast species, Carcinonemertes epialti and C. errans, and from three hosts, Cancer magister, C. antennarius, and Hemigrapsus oregonensis, produced these haploid larvae by parthenogenesis.
当从雄蟹身上取出癌蛭属（Carcinonemertes spp.）的幼体并在实验室中饲养时，会得到1:1的性别比例。单独饲养的雌体产出的卵串是癌蛭属特有的，只是胚胎是单倍体，每个细胞约有13条染色体。幼虫至少发育到孵化阶段，有些确实孵化出来了。这样饲养的146只雌体几乎都产出了卵串。单独饲养的所有雌体的幼虫都是单倍体，而与雄体放在一起饲养的雌体的幼虫是二倍体。来自美国西海岸的癌蛭（Carcinonemertes epialti）和错癌蛭（C. errans）这两个物种，以及来自三种宿主——首长黄道蟹（Cancer magister）、触角黄道蟹（C. antennarius）和俄勒冈厚蟹（Hemigrapsus oregonensis）的雌体，都通过孤雌生殖产出了这些单倍体幼虫。
