Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Autoimmun Rev. 2018 Mar;17(3):195-200. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.001. Epub 2018 Jan 13.
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a group of autoimmune conditions characterized by inflammatory involvement of the optic nerve, spinal cord and central nervous system. Novel evidence showed a key role of autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4 IgG) in the pathogenesis of NMOSD and, recently, new classification and diagnostic criteria have been adopted to facilitate an earlier identification and improve the management of these conditions. Diagnosis of NMOSD is currently based on clinical, neuroimaging and laboratory features. Standard treatment is based on the use of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs and aims to control the severity of acute attacks and to prevent relapses of the disease. This review gives an update of latest knowledge of NMOSD and NMO, emphasizing the novel diagnostic criteria and both current and future therapeutic approaches.
视神经脊髓炎（NMO）和视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病（NMOSD）是一组自身免疫性疾病，其特征是视神经、脊髓和中枢神经系统的炎症性受累。新的证据表明，针对水通道蛋白-4 免疫球蛋白 G（AQP4 IgG）的自身抗体在 NMOSD 的发病机制中起关键作用，最近，已经采用了新的分类和诊断标准，以方便更早地识别并改善这些疾病的管理。NMOSD 的诊断目前基于临床、神经影像学和实验室特征。标准治疗基于使用类固醇和免疫抑制剂，并旨在控制急性发作的严重程度和预防疾病复发。本综述更新了 NMOSD 和 NMO 的最新知识，强调了新的诊断标准以及当前和未来的治疗方法。
