Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2018 Mar;113:267-277. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.018. Epub 2018 Jan 16.
Exposure to heavy metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in either the short or the long term can cause cancers in humans. Dietary intake and consumption of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is increasing in Iran, and several studies on the concentration of heavy metals in rice have been carried out in this country in recent years. In this perspective, the main objective of the present study was to investigate, even via a meta-analysis of the existing literature, the presence of As and Pb in rice from many geographical areas in Iran, as well as to estimate the carcinogenic risk of these heavy metals in rice consumers. The results of the present ten years-spanning systematic review indicate that 21 reports, collecting a total of 2088 samples, were performed between 2008 and October 2017. The minimum and maximum concentration of As was observed in the Golestan area (0.01 ± 0.01 mg/kg d.w) and the Gillan region (3 mg/kg d.w); and Pb in the Shahrekord (0.07 ± 0.02 mg/kg d.w) and Mazandaran (35 mg/kg d.w). The meta-analysis of data showed that pooled concentration of As in the rice was 0.04 (95%CI: 0.02-0.06 mg/kg d.w), which resulted lower than the National Standard (NS) limits. However, the pooled concentration of Pb in the rice was 0.38 (95%CI: 0.25-0.5 mg/kg d.w), i.e., higher than NS limits. The heterogeneity was significant between As (I = 63%, P value = .003) and Pb (I = 96%, P value < .001) studies. The carcinogenic risk assessment showed that minimum and maximum incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of As was in the 45-54 (4.53 × 10) and 15-24 (5.50 × 10) year age groups consumers; and Pb, 45-54 (2.442 × 10) and 15-24 (2.96 × 10), respectively. The overall carcinogenesis risk of As (4.864 × 10) was 18.5 times higher than Pb (2.623 × 10). All age groups consumers of rice content of As and Pb are at considerable carcinogenesis risk (ILCR > 10). Therefore a decreased level of heavy metals in rice cultivation should be encouraged and performed in next planning.
暴露于砷（As）、铅（Pb）和镉（Cd）等重金属，无论是短期还是长期，都可能导致人类癌症。在伊朗，人们对食用大米（Oryza sativa L.）的摄入量和消费都在增加，近年来，该国对大米中重金属浓度进行了多项研究。从这个角度来看，本研究的主要目的是通过对现有文献的荟萃分析，研究伊朗许多地区大米中 As 和 Pb 的存在情况，并评估这些重金属在大米消费者中的致癌风险。本十年系统评价的结果表明，2008 年至 2017 年 10 月期间共进行了 21 项研究，共收集了 2088 个样本。在戈勒斯坦地区（0.01±0.01mg/kg d.w）和吉兰地区（3mg/kg d.w）观察到最低和最高浓度的砷；在设拉子（0.07±0.02mg/kg d.w）和马赞达兰（35mg/kg d.w）观察到最高浓度的 Pb。数据的荟萃分析表明，大米中 As 的合并浓度为 0.04（95%CI：0.02-0.06mg/kg d.w），低于国家标准（NS）限值。然而，大米中 Pb 的合并浓度为 0.38（95%CI：0.25-0.5mg/kg d.w），高于 NS 限值。As（I=63%，P 值=0.003）和 Pb（I=96%，P 值<0.001）研究之间存在显著的异质性。致癌风险评估显示，45-54 岁（4.53×10）和 15-24 岁（5.50×10）年龄组消费者的 As 最小和最大增量终生癌症风险（ILCR）；以及 Pb，45-54 岁（2.442×10）和 15-24 岁（2.96×10）。As 的总体致癌风险（4.864×10）是 Pb 的 18.5 倍（2.623×10）。食用含 As 和 Pb 的大米的所有年龄组消费者都面临相当大的致癌风险（ILCR>10）。因此，应该鼓励并在未来的规划中减少水稻种植中的重金属含量。
