Danish Building Research Institute, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2400, Copenhagen SV, Denmark; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, LSRC Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
Chemosphere. 2018 Apr;197:185-192. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.032. Epub 2018 Jan 10.
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and as hydraulic fluids. They are present in indoor environments in high concentrations compared with other flame retardants, and human exposure is ubiquitous. In this study we provide data for estimating dermal uptake for eight OPEs and ranking in OPEs risk assessment. Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of the OPEs were studied in a Franz diffusion cell system using human skin dosed with a mixture of OPEs in an ethanol:toluene (4:1) solution. Large variation in penetration profiles was observed between the OPEs. The chlorinated OPEs tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and in particular tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), penetrated the skin quite rapidly while tris(1,3-dichlor-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) tended to build up in the skin tissue and only smaller amounts permeated through the skin. For tris(isobutyl) phosphate (TIBP), tris(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and tris(methylphenyl) phosphate (TMPP) the mass balance was not stable over time indicating possible degradation during the experimental period of 72 h. The rates at which OPEs permeated through the skin decreased in the order TCEP > TCIPP ≥ TBOEP > TIBP ≥ TNBP > TDCIPP > TPHP > TMPP. Generally, the permeation coefficient, k, decreased with increasing log K, whereas lag time and skin deposition increased with log K. The present data indicate that dermal uptake is a non-negligible human exposure pathway for the majority of the studied OPEs.
有机磷酸酯（OPEs）被用作阻燃剂、增塑剂和液压液。与其他阻燃剂相比，它们在室内环境中的浓度较高，而且人类接触无处不在。在这项研究中，我们提供了估计八种 OPEs 经皮吸收并对 OPEs 风险评估进行排名的数据。我们使用 Franz 扩散细胞系统，在乙醇：甲苯（4:1）溶液中用 OPEs 混合物对人体皮肤进行给药，研究了 OPEs 的经皮吸收和经皮渗透。观察到 OPEs 之间的渗透曲线存在很大差异。氯代 OPEs 三（2-氯异丙基）磷酸酯（TCIPP），特别是三（2-氯乙基）磷酸酯（TCEP），迅速穿透皮肤，而三（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCIPP）和磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）则倾向于在皮肤组织中积累，只有少量透过皮肤渗透。对于三异丁基磷酸酯（TIBP）、三正丁基磷酸酯（TNBP）和三甲基苯基磷酸酯（TMPP），随着时间的推移，质量平衡不稳定，这表明在 72 小时的实验期间可能发生了降解。OPEs 透过皮肤的渗透速率按 TCEP>TIPP>TBOEP>TIBP>TNBP>TDCIPP>TPHP>TMPP 的顺序递减。一般来说，渗透系数 k 随 log K 的增加而降低，而滞后时间和皮肤沉积则随 log K 的增加而增加。目前的数据表明，经皮吸收是大多数研究的 OPEs 非可忽略的人体暴露途径。
