1The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Human Nutrition,615 North Wolfe Street,Baltimore,MD 21205,USA.
2Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences,Milken Institute School of Public Health,The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW,Washington,DC 20052,USA.
Br J Nutr. 2018 Jan;119(1):57-65. doi: 10.1017/S000711451700335X.
Inadequate nutrient intakes put children at risk for impaired growth and development. We described diet, usual intakes of energy and macro- and micronutrients and prevalence of nutrient intake adequacies among 4-8-year-old Zambian children. Children not yet in school and living in Mkushi District, Central Province, Zambia were enrolled into an efficacy trial of pro-vitamin A biofortified maize. Children in the non-intervened arm were included in this analysis (n 202). Dietary intake data were collected by tablet-based 24-h recall on a monthly basis over the 6-month trial. Observed nutrient intakes were derived from reported food quantities, standard recipes and food composition tables. Usual nutrient intake distributions were modelled based on observed intakes. Prevalence of inadequacy was estimated by comparing the usual nutrient intake distribution to the nutrient requirement distribution. Frequency and quantity of consumption of commonly reported foods were described and key sources of energy and nutrients were identified. Median usual energy intake was 6422 kJ/d (1535 kcal/d). Most childrens' macronutrient intakes fell within recommended ranges (74-98 %). Estimated prevalences of inadequate intakes of Fe, folate, vitamin B12 and Ca were 25, 57, 76 and >99 %, respectively. Estimated prevalences of inadequacy for other micronutrients were low (0·1-2·2 %). Commonly consumed foods included maize, vegetable oil, tomatoes, rape leaves and small fish (>0·6 servings/d), whereas meat, eggs or dairy were rarely eaten (<0·2 servings/d). These findings suggest that the heavily plant-based diet of rural Zambian children provides inadequate Ca, folate, vitamin B12 and Fe to meet recommended nutrient intakes.
营养摄入不足使儿童面临生长和发育受损的风险。我们描述了赞比亚 4-8 岁儿童的饮食、能量和宏量及微量营养素的通常摄入量以及营养素摄入充足率。未上学的儿童居住在赞比亚中央省 Mkushi 区，参加了富含前维生素 A 的生物强化玉米的功效试验。非干预组的儿童被纳入本分析（n 202）。通过每月基于平板电脑的 24 小时回顾收集膳食摄入数据。观察到的营养素摄入量来自报告的食物数量、标准食谱和食物成分表。基于观察到的摄入量对常用营养素摄入量分布进行建模。通过将常用营养素摄入量分布与营养素需求分布进行比较来估计不足的发生率。描述了常见报告食物的频率和数量，并确定了能量和营养素的主要来源。中位数常用能量摄入量为 6422 kJ/d（1535 kcal/d）。大多数儿童的宏量营养素摄入量处于推荐范围内（74-98%）。估计铁、叶酸、维生素 B12 和钙摄入不足的发生率分别为 25%、57%、76%和>99%。其他微量营养素摄入不足的估计发生率较低（0.1-2.2%）。常见的食用食物包括玉米、植物油、番茄、油菜叶和小鱼（>0.6 份/d），而肉类、鸡蛋或奶制品很少食用（<0.2 份/d）。这些发现表明，赞比亚农村儿童以植物性食物为主的饮食提供的钙、叶酸、维生素 B12 和铁不足以满足推荐的营养素摄入量。
