Amendment of Agricultural Soil with Metal Nanoparticles: Effects on Soil Enzyme Activity and Microbial Community Composition.

Several types of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are being considered for direct application to soils to reduce the application and degradation of pesticides, provide micronutrients, control pathogens, and increase crop yields. This study examined the effects of different metal ENPs and their dissolved ions on the microbial community composition and enzyme activity of agricultural soil amended with biosolids. The activity of five extracellular nutrient-cycling enzymes was measured in biosolid-amended soils treated with different concentrations (1, 10, or 100 mg ENP/kg soil) of silver (nAg), zinc oxide (nZnO), copper oxide (nCuO), or titanium dioxide (nTiO) nanoparticles and their ions over a 30-day period. At 30 days, nZnO and nCuO either had no significant effect on soil enzyme activity or enhanced enzyme activity. In contrast, Ag inhibited selected enzymes when dosed in particulate or dissolved form (at 100 mg/kg). nTiO either had no significant effect or slightly decreased enzyme activity. Illumina MiSeq sequencing of microbial communities indicated a shift in soil microbial community composition upon exposure to high doses of metal ions or nAg and negligible shift in the presence of nTiO. Some taxa responded differently to nAg and Ag. This work shows how metal ENPs can impact soil enzyme activity and microbial community composition upon introduction into soils amended with biosolids, depending on their type, concentration, and dissolution behavior, hence providing much needed information for the sustainable application of nanotechnology in agriculture.