Management and Economics of Resources and the Environment (MERE) Group, SEBE, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark.
Management and Economics of Resources and the Environment (MERE) Group, SEBE, University of Southern Denmark, Niels Bohrs Vej 9-10, 6700 Esbjerg, Denmark.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Mar 15;210:338-348. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.007.
Closing of the marine commons increases economic returns and slows depletion of valuable ocean resources. Rights-based management is widely used for fisheries rationalization. Regulators with sound biological and economic information can in theory set overall harvest control rules that protect the fish stocks, and manage for external costs and benefits from harvest. These may include ecosystem damages, overcapitalization in the fishery, and/or equity concerns. Regulatory efforts and related rights-based management instruments may increase the returns to fishery stakeholders but miss important challenges that are increasing under climate change. These include transboundary resource management and tradeoffs between local economic returns and Total Economic Value. The case of the valuable, yet invasive, crab species, Chionoecetes Opilio (Snow Crab) in the Barents Sea illustrates the concerns. The spread of the crab has known and unknown ecosystem and commercial fishery risks, particularly to uncertain ecosystem values. We show how the progression of the biological invasion interacts with human strategic behavior to identify limitations of management options. Open access harvesting of the species in international waters has generated a positive spillover effect by slowing the westward spread of the species to sensitive benthic ecosystems. This benefit is threatened by reclassification of the crab as a "sedentary species" (one which is not capable of leaving the seabed when harvestable (UNCLOS, 1982, article 77, part VI)). This shifts the regulatory environment for the crab in ways that exacerbate the invasion in exchange for protection of local gains. Such problems will increase in magnitude and impact as climate changes increasingly affect species' ranges. Optimal decision-making regarding profitable species in new ecosystems must incorporate how strategic institutional shifts occurring in response to the economic incentives asymmetrically affect local and global stakeholders in addition to standard concerns over ecological and economic damages.
海洋公地的关闭增加了经济回报，减缓了宝贵海洋资源的枯竭。基于权利的管理广泛应用于渔业合理化。监管机构拥有健全的生物和经济信息，可以在理论上制定总体收获控制规则，保护鱼类资源，并管理收获的外部成本和收益。这些可能包括生态系统损害、渔业过度投资和/或公平问题。监管工作和相关的基于权利的管理工具可能会增加渔业利益相关者的回报，但会错过气候变化下日益增加的重要挑战。这些挑战包括跨界资源管理以及地方经济回报和总经济价值之间的权衡。有价值但具有入侵性的蟹种 Chionoecetes Opilio（雪蟹）在巴伦支海的情况说明了这一点。该蟹种的传播存在已知和未知的生态系统和商业渔业风险，特别是对不确定的生态系统价值。我们展示了生物入侵的发展如何与人类战略行为相互作用，以确定管理选项的局限性。在国际水域开放捕捞该物种产生了积极的溢出效应，减缓了该物种向西传播到敏感的底栖生态系统的速度。这种好处受到该蟹种被重新归类为“定居物种”（即当可收获时不能离开海底的物种（UNCLOS，1982 年，第 77 条，第六部分））的威胁。这一变化加剧了入侵，以换取对当地收益的保护，从而改变了该蟹种的监管环境。随着气候变化越来越多地影响物种的范围，此类问题的规模和影响将会增加。在新生态系统中针对有利可图的物种进行的最佳决策必须考虑到，由于经济激励而发生的战略制度转变如何不对称地影响本地和全球利益相关者，除了对生态和经济损害的标准关注之外。
