A full-scale comparison of two hybrid constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater in Pakistan.

Objective of the current work was to monitor the year-round response of full-scale hybrid constructed-wetlands (CWs) treating domestic wastewater under variable continuous flow. Two systems were evaluated: system-I consisted of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) followed by a saturated vertical subsurface-flow (VSSF) CW and a free-water-surface (FWS) CW as a tertiary treatment; system-II consisted of an ABR followed by a horizontal subsurface-flow (HSSF) CW and FWS. Maximum reduction of 80 and 78%, 81 and 82%, 63 and 69%, 79 and 89% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total suspended solids (TSS) was achieved in Systems I and II respectively. There was also effective removal (94% and 93%) of the bacterial population in both systems while more than 94% of pathogenic microorganisms were removed. Data from both systems were further used to compute the first-order rate constants for the k-C* model commonly used in CW design. The treatment performance was confirmed to follow a first-order reaction rate, in which the k values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids were calculated as 165, 117, 133, 7.5 and 78 m yr respectively for VSSF and 226, 134, 199, 22 and 73 m yr respectively for HSSF. A positive correlation with temperature was discovered for all parameters in both systems.