Popa Cătălin Nicolae, Knitter Daniel
Excellence Cluster Topoi, Freie Universität Berlin, Topoi Building Dahlem, Hittorfstraße 18, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
Excellence Cluster Topoi, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Physical Geography, Freie Universität Berlin, Malteserstraße 74-100, D-12249 Berlin, Germany.
J Archaeol Method Theory. 2016;23(4):1285-1306. doi: 10.1007/s10816-015-9264-9. Epub 2015 Oct 26.
The paper introduces a method that links environment to landscape. The environment-landscape divide appears because of epistemological differences: since studying the landscape involves describing the world as it was perceived by humans, it is difficult to access this dimension through the numerical data that we employ when studying the environment. We approach the issue of non-correspondence between environment and landscape knowledge using fuzzy logic. The numerical data describing two geomorphometric parameters, slope and modified topographic index, are split each into three classes with overlapping borders. The classes are then fused into four qualitative categories: flat wet, steep dry, flat dry, and gradual moist. These four categories have direct correspondence in the real world and can be observed by people through simple perception. The correspondence of such categories to peoples' perception is checked against evidence of past human settlement in three areas coming from Turkey, Serbia, and Syria. The identified qualitative categories resemble the way people categorized their landscape in all but the second case study. Humans were able to perceive and choose areas which correspond to gradual moist in Turkey and broadly to flat wet in Syria. However, for the Serbian example, the results are inconclusive.
本文介绍了一种将环境与景观联系起来的方法。环境与景观的划分源于认识论上的差异：由于研究景观涉及描述人类所感知的世界，因此很难通过我们在研究环境时所使用的数值数据来获取这一层面的信息。我们运用模糊逻辑来处理环境与景观知识之间不对应的问题。描述两个地貌参数（坡度和修正地形指数）的数值数据被分别划分为三个边界重叠的类别。然后，这些类别被合并为四个定性类别：平坦湿润、陡峭干燥、平坦干燥和渐变湿润。这四个类别在现实世界中有直接对应关系，人们可以通过简单的感知观察到。通过来自土耳其、塞尔维亚和叙利亚三个地区过去人类聚居地的证据，检验了这些类别与人们感知的对应关系。在除第二个案例研究之外的所有案例中，所确定的定性类别都与人们对景观的分类方式相似。在土耳其，人类能够感知并选择与渐变湿润相对应的区域，在叙利亚大致能感知并选择与平坦湿润相对应的区域。然而，对于塞尔维亚的案例，结果尚无定论。
