Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte, 44.036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83S, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2018 May;122:46-58. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.015. Epub 2018 Jan 31.
Ficus (Moraceae) is well diversified in the Neotropics with two lineages inhabiting the wet forests of this region. The hemiepiphytes of section Americanae are the most diversified with c. 120 species, whereas section Pharmacosycea includes about 20 species mostly with a terrestrial habit. To reconstruct the biogeographical history and diversification of Ficus in the Americas, we produced a dated Bayesian phylogenetic hypothesis of Neotropical Ficus including two thirds of the species sequenced for five nuclear regions (At103, ETS, G3pdh, ITS/5.8S and Tpi). Ancestral range was estimated using all models available in Biogeobears and Binary State Speciation and Extinction analysis was used to evaluate the role of the initial habit and propagule size in diversification. The phylogenetic analyses resolved both Neotropical sections as monophyletic but the internal relationships between species in section Americanae remain unclear. Ficus started their diversification in the Neotropics between the Oligocene and Miocene. The genus experienced two bursts of diversification: in the middle Miocene and the Pliocene. Colonization events from the Amazon to adjacent areas coincide with the end of the Pebas system (10 Mya) and the connection of landmasses. Divergence of endemic species in the Atlantic forest is inferred to have happened after its isolation and the opening and consolidation of the Cerrado. Our results suggest a complex diversification in the Atlantic forest differing between postulated refuges and more instable areas in the South distribution of the forest. Finally the selection for initial hemiepiphytic habit and small to medium propagule size influenced the diversification and current distribution of the species at Neotropical forests marked by the historical instability and long-distance dispersal.
榕属（桑科）在新热带地区有很好的多样性，其中两个谱系栖息在该地区的湿润森林中。节 Americanae 的半附生植物是最多样化的，约有 120 种，而节 Pharmacosycea 则包括约 20 种，主要是陆生习性。为了重建榕属在美洲的生物地理历史和多样化，我们产生了一个包含新热带榕属的已校准贝叶斯系统发育假说，其中包括为五个核区（At103、ETS、G3pdh、ITS/5.8S 和 Tpi）测序的三分之二的物种。使用 Biogeobears 中可用的所有模型来估计祖先范围，使用二元状态物种形成和灭绝分析来评估初始习性和繁殖体大小在多样化中的作用。系统发育分析解决了两个新热带地区的单系性问题，但节 Americanae 中种间的内部关系仍然不清楚。榕属在始新世和中新世之间在新热带地区开始多样化。该属经历了两次多样化爆发：在中中新世和上新世。从亚马逊到邻近地区的殖民化事件与 Pebas 系统（1000 万年前）的结束和陆地的连接相吻合。大西洋森林特有种的分歧被推断发生在其隔离和塞拉多的开放和巩固之后。我们的结果表明，大西洋森林的多样化是复杂的，在假设的避难所和森林南部更不稳定的地区之间存在差异。最后，初始半附生习性和中小繁殖体大小的选择影响了新热带森林中物种的多样化和当前分布，这些森林以历史不稳定性和长距离扩散为特征。
