Martinez Roberto
Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 14049-900, Brazil.
J Fungi (Basel). 2017 Jan 3;3(1):1. doi: 10.3390/jof3010001.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal disease occurring in Latin America and more prevalent in South America. The disease is caused by the dimorphic fungus spp. whose major hosts are humans and armadillos. The fungus grows in soil and its infection is associated with exposure to the rural environment and to agricultural activities, with a higher risk in coffee and tobacco plantations. Population studies assessing the reactivity to spp. antigens by intradermal reaction or serological tests have detected previous subclinical infections in a significant proportion of healthy individuals living in various endemic countries. Paracoccidioidomycosis-disease is manifested by a small minority of infected individuals. The risk of developing the disease and its type of clinical form are related to the personal and life style characteristics of infected individuals, including genetic background, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking habit, alcohol drinking, and eventual cellular immunosuppression. Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, and Ecuador have endemic areas that had already been defined in the 20th century. The incidence of paracoccidioidomycosis can be altered by climate phenomena and mainly by human migration and occupation of poorly explored territories. In Brazil, the endemy tends to expand towards the North and Center-West around the Amazon Region.
副球孢子菌病是一种发生在拉丁美洲、在南美洲更为普遍的系统性真菌病。该疾病由双相真菌 spp. 引起,其主要宿主是人类和犰狳。这种真菌生长在土壤中,其感染与接触农村环境和农业活动有关,在咖啡和烟草种植园中风险更高。通过皮内反应或血清学检测评估对 spp. 抗原反应性的人群研究发现,在生活在各个流行国家的相当一部分健康个体中存在既往亚临床感染。只有一小部分受感染个体表现出副球孢子菌病。患该病的风险及其临床形式类型与受感染个体的个人和生活方式特征有关,包括遗传背景、年龄、性别、种族、吸烟习惯、饮酒情况以及最终的细胞免疫抑制。巴西、哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉、阿根廷和厄瓜多尔在20世纪就已确定有流行地区。副球孢子菌病的发病率会受到气候现象的影响,主要还受人类迁移和对未充分探索地区的开垦的影响。在巴西,这种地方病倾向于围绕亚马逊地区向北部和中西部扩展。