Strøm Ida Frugård, Aakvaag Helene Flood, Birkeland Marianne Skogbrott, Felix Erika, Thoresen Siri
Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Counseling, Clinical, & School Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2018 Jan 16;9(1):1418570. doi: 10.1080/20008198.2017.1418570. eCollection 2018.
: Psychological distress following experiencing bullying victimization in childhood has been well documented. Less is known about the impact of bullying victimization on psychosocial adjustment problems in young adulthood and about potential pathways, such as shame. Moreover, bullying victimization is often studied in isolation from other forms of victimization. : This study investigated (1) whether childhood experiences of bullying victimization and violence were associated with psychosocial adjustment (distress, impaired functioning, social support barriers) in young adulthood; (2) the unique effect of bullying victimization on psychosocial adjustment; and (3) whether shame mediated the relationship between bullying victimization and these outcomes in young adulthood. : The sample included 681 respondents (aged 19-37 years) from a follow-up study (2017) conducted via phone interviews derived from a community telephone survey collected in 2013. : The regression analyses showed that both bullying victimization and severe violence were significantly and independently associated with psychological distress, impaired functioning, and increased barriers to social support in young adulthood. Moreover, causal mediation analyses indicated that when childhood physical violence, sexual abuse, and sociodemographic factors were controlled, shame mediated 70% of the association between bullying victimization and psychological distress, 55% of the association between bullying victimization and impaired functioning, and 40% of the association between bullying victimization and social support barriers. : Our findings support the growing literature acknowledging bullying victimization as a trauma with severe and long-lasting consequences and indicate that shame may be an important pathway to continue to explore. The unique effect of bullying victimization, over and above the effect of violence, supports the call to integrate the two research fields.
童年时期遭受欺凌所带来的心理困扰已有充分记录。然而，对于欺凌受害对青年期心理社会适应问题的影响以及诸如羞耻感等潜在途径，我们所知甚少。此外，欺凌受害现象的研究往往与其他形式的受害现象孤立开来。
（1）童年时期的欺凌受害经历和暴力是否与青年期的心理社会适应（困扰、功能受损、社会支持障碍）相关；（2）欺凌受害对心理社会适应的独特影响；（3）羞耻感是否在青年期欺凌受害与这些结果之间的关系中起中介作用。
样本包括681名受访者（年龄在19 - 37岁之间），来自一项后续研究（2017年），该研究通过电话访谈进行，这些访谈源自2013年收集的社区电话调查。
回归分析表明，欺凌受害和严重暴力都与青年期的心理困扰、功能受损以及社会支持障碍的增加显著且独立相关。此外，因果中介分析表明，在控制童年身体暴力、性虐待和社会人口统计学因素后，羞耻感在欺凌受害与心理困扰之间的关联中起70%的中介作用，在欺凌受害与功能受损之间的关联中起55%的中介作用，在欺凌受害与社会支持障碍之间的关联中起40%的中介作用。
我们的研究结果支持了越来越多的文献观点，即承认欺凌受害是一种具有严重和长期后果的创伤，并表明羞耻感可能是一个值得继续探索的重要途径。欺凌受害的独特影响，超越了暴力的影响，支持了将这两个研究领域整合的呼吁。
