Evaluation of the osteogenesis and osseointegration of titanium alloys coated with graphene: an in vivo study.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a surface coating with graphene could enhance the surface bioactivation of titanium alloys (TiAlV) to further accelerate in vivo osteogenesis and osseointegration at the implant surface. In this study, a New Zealand white rabbit femoral condyle defect model was established. After 4, 12 and 24 weeks, biomechanical testing, micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) analyses and histological observations were performed. At the highest push-out forces during the test, microstructure parameters, such as the bone volume/total volume fraction (BV/TV) and mineral apposition rate (MAR), of the new bone were significantly higher in the graphene-coated TiAlV group (G-TiAlV) than in the TiAlV group (P < 0.05). Van Gieson (VG) staining showed that the G-TiAlV group had more new bone formation than the TiAlV group, and the G-TiAlV group showed a closer fit between the bone and implant. In conclusion, graphene might be a novel type of nano-coating material for enhancing the surface biological activity of Ti-based alloy materials and may further promote in vivo osteogenesis and osseointegration.