Surface and Electrochemical Studies on Silicon Diphosphide as Easy-to-Handle Anode Material for Lithium-Based Batteries-the Phosphorus Path.

The electrochemical characteristics of silicon diphosphide (SiP) as a new anode material for future lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are evaluated. The high theoretical capacity of about 3900 mA h g (fully lithiated state: LiSi + LiP) renders silicon diphosphide as a highly promising candidate to replace graphite (372 mA h g) as the standard anode to significantly increase the specific energy density of LIBs. The proposed mechanism of SiP is divided into a conversion reaction of phosphorus species, followed by an alloying reaction forming lithium silicide phases. In this study, we focus on the conversion mechanism during cycling and report on the phase transitions of SiP during lithiation and delithiation. By using ex situ analysis techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, formed reaction products are identified. Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is applied for the characterization of long-range ordered compounds, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy gives information of the surface-layer species at the interface of active material and electrolyte. Our SiP anode material shows a high initial capacity of about 2700 mA h g, whereas a fast capacity fading during the first few cycles occurs which is not necessarily expected. On the basis of our results, we conclude that besides other degradation effects, such as electrolyte decomposition and electrical contact loss, the rapid capacity fading originates from the formation of a low ion-conductive layer of LiP. This insulating layer hinders lithium-ion diffusion during lithiation and thereby mainly contributes to fast capacity fading.