Pradella F, Pinchi V, Focardi M, Grifoni R, Palandri M, Norelli G A
Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Italy.
J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2017 Dec 1;35(2):141-148.
The migrants arrived to the Italian coasts in 2016 were 181.436, 18% more than the previous year and 6% more than the highest number ever since. An "unaccompanied minor" (UAM) is a third-country national or a stateless person under eighteen years of age, who arrives on the territory of the Member State unaccompanied by an adult responsible for him/her whether by law or by the practice of the Member State concerned, and for as long as he or she is not effectively taken into the care of such a person; it includes a minor who is left unaccompanied after he/she entered the territory of the Member States. As many as 95.985 UAMs applied for international protection in an EU member country just in 2015, almost four times the number registered in the previous year. The UAMs arrived in Italy were 28.283 in 2016; 94% of them were males, 92% unaccompanied, 8% of them under 15; the 53,6% is 17; the individuals between 16 and 17 are instead the 82%. Many of them (50%), 6561 in 2016, escaped from the sanctuaries, thus avoiding to be formally identified and registered in Italy in the attempt to reach more easily northern Europe countries, since The Dublin Regulations (2003) state that the asylum application should be held in the EU country of entrance or where parents reside. The age assessment procedures can therefore be considered as a relevant task that weighs in on the shoulders of the forensic experts with all the related issues and the coming of age is the important threshold. In the EU laws on asylum, the minors are considered as one of the groups of vulnerable persons towards whom Member States have specific obligations. A proper EU common formal regulation in the matter of age estimation procedures still lacks. According to the Italian legal framework in the matter, a medical examination should have been always performed but a new law completely changed the approach to the procedures of age estimation of the migrant (excluding the criminal cases) with a better adherence to the notions and concepts of vulnerability and psychological and social maturity.
2016年抵达意大利海岸的移民有181436人，比上一年增加了18%，比有史以来的最高纪录高出6%。“无人陪伴未成年人”（UAM）是指18岁以下的第三国国民或无国籍人士，其抵达成员国领土时未由对其负有法律责任或相关成员国惯例所认定的成年监护人陪伴，且在其未被该监护人实际照料期间；这包括进入成员国领土后无人陪伴的未成年人。仅在2015年，就有多达95985名无人陪伴未成年人在欧盟成员国申请国际保护，几乎是上一年登记人数的四倍。2016年抵达意大利的无人陪伴未成年人有28283人；其中94%为男性，92%无人陪伴，8%年龄在15岁以下；53.6%为17岁；16至17岁的占82%。他们中的许多人（50%，2016年为6561人）从庇护所逃脱，从而避免在意大利被正式识别和登记，试图更轻松地抵达北欧国家，因为《都柏林条例》（2003年）规定庇护申请应在进入欧盟的国家或父母居住的国家进行。因此，年龄评估程序可被视为法医专家肩负的一项重要任务，涉及所有相关问题，而成年是重要的门槛。在欧盟庇护法中，未成年人被视为成员国负有特定义务的弱势群体之一。在年龄估计程序方面，仍然缺乏适当的欧盟共同正式规定。根据意大利在此事上的法律框架，本应始终进行医学检查，但一项新法律彻底改变了对移民年龄估计程序（刑事案件除外）的处理方式，更好地遵循了脆弱性以及心理和社会成熟度的概念。
