Grossen Christine, Biebach Iris, Angelone-Alasaad Samer, Keller Lukas F, Croll Daniel
Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Zürich Switzerland.
Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics Institute of Biology University of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland.
Evol Appl. 2017 Oct 27;11(2):123-139. doi: 10.1111/eva.12490. eCollection 2018 Feb.
Restoration of lost species ranges to their native distribution is key for the survival of endangered species. However, reintroductions often fail and long-term genetic consequences are poorly understood. Alpine ibex () are wild goats that recovered from <100 individuals to ~50,000 within a century by population reintroductions. We analyzed the population genomic consequences of the Alpine ibex reintroduction strategy. We genotyped 101,822 genomewide single nucleotide polymorphism loci in 173 Alpine ibex, the closely related Iberian ibex () and domestic goat (). The source population of all Alpine ibex maintained genetic diversity comparable to Iberian ibex, which experienced less severe bottlenecks. All reintroduced Alpine ibex populations had individually and combined lower levels of genetic diversity than the source population. The reintroduction strategy consisted of primary reintroductions from captive breeding and secondary reintroductions from established populations. This stepwise reintroduction strategy left a strong genomic footprint of population differentiation, which increased with subsequent rounds of reintroductions. Furthermore, analyses of genomewide runs of homozygosity showed recent inbreeding primarily in individuals of reintroduced populations. We showed that despite the rapid census recovery, Alpine ibex carry a persistent genomic signature of their reintroduction history. We discuss how genomic monitoring can serve as an early indicator of inbreeding.
将濒危物种的分布范围恢复到其原生分布区域是濒危物种生存的关键。然而，重新引入往往失败，而且人们对其长期的遗传后果了解甚少。阿尔卑斯野山羊是一种野生山羊，通过种群重新引入，在一个世纪内从不到100只恢复到了约50,000只。我们分析了阿尔卑斯野山羊重新引入策略的种群基因组后果。我们对173只阿尔卑斯野山羊、亲缘关系密切的西班牙野山羊和家山羊的101,822个全基因组单核苷酸多态性位点进行了基因分型。所有阿尔卑斯野山羊的源种群保持了与西班牙野山羊相当的遗传多样性，西班牙野山羊经历的瓶颈效应没那么严重。所有重新引入的阿尔卑斯野山羊种群，无论是单独来看还是综合起来，其遗传多样性水平都低于源种群。重新引入策略包括从圈养繁殖进行初次重新引入，以及从已建立的种群进行二次重新引入。这种逐步的重新引入策略留下了强烈的种群分化基因组印记，随着后续几轮重新引入，这种印记不断增加。此外，对全基因组纯合子连续区域的分析表明，近期的近亲繁殖主要发生在重新引入种群的个体中。我们表明，尽管在数量统计上迅速恢复，但阿尔卑斯野山羊仍带有其重新引入历史的持久基因组印记。我们讨论了基因组监测如何能够作为近亲繁殖的早期指标。
