Crowder R G
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1986 Apr;12(2):268-78. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.12.2.268.
Subjects in five experiments read nine-digit memory lists from a cathode ray tube for immediate recall. Reading aloud always produced a localized and reliable advantage for the last item, compared to reading silently. Two experiments on whispered and mouthed lists, with or without simultaneous broadband noise, falsified expectations derived from the theory of precategorical acoustic storage. Three additional experiments showed no enhancement of recency in the silent conditions when the digits were drawn or spelled gradually on the screen, a result that is inconsistent with the changing-state hypothesis. The classic auditory-visual modality effect is large and reliable, but still poorly understood.
在五项实验中，受试者从阴极射线管读取九位数字的记忆列表以进行即时回忆。与默读相比，大声朗读总是会在最后一项上产生局部且可靠的优势。两项关于轻声和不出声列表的实验，无论是否同时存在宽带噪声，都推翻了基于范畴前声学存储理论得出的预期。另外三项实验表明，当数字在屏幕上逐渐绘制或拼写时，在无声条件下近期效应并未增强，这一结果与变化状态假设不一致。经典的视听通道效应很大且可靠，但仍未得到很好的理解。
