Potential length determiner and DNA injection protein is extruded from bacteriophage T4 tail tubes in vitro.

Bacteriophage T4 tails contain a set of extended protein molecules in the central channel of the tail tube through which the DNA must exit during infection. Treatment of tails with guanidine hydrochloride separates the baseplates, leaving the tail tube and several specific tube-associated proteins. Methods were developed to purify these structures. Using specific antisera, immunoblotting, and electrophoretic analysis, these structures were shown to contain proteins gp19, 29, and 48. Electron microscopy showed specifically defined stain penetration into the tail tube, a bulge at one end, and a short fiber extruded from the tube. These structures could be removed by proteases but the gp19 tube itself was resistant. Structural studies of tails and intact phage show that the bulge and fiber are at the end of the tube that interacts with the cell membrane during infection. Since the fiber did not protrude from baseplates or from incomplete (short) tube-baseplates, we propose that it is first assembled as a compact structure formed of six copies of a tube-associated protein, which elongates during tail tube formation to fill the central channel, span the length of the tube, and regulate its length. We suggest that the exit of this fiber during infection signals DNA ejection.