Marchetti Antonella, Baglio Francesca, Castelli Ilaria, Griffanti Ludovica, Nemni Raffaello, Rossetto Federica, Valle Annalisa, Zanette Michela, Massaro Davide
Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Scientific Institute and University, IRCCS, Italy.
Psychol Rep. 2019 Feb;122(1):135-154. doi: 10.1177/0033294118755673. Epub 2018 Feb 5.
During adolescence and early adulthood, individuals deal with important developmental changes, especially in the context of complex social interactions. Previous studies demonstrated that those changes have a significant impact on the social decision making process, in terms of a progressive increase of intentionality comprehension of others, of the sensitivity to fairness, and of the impermeability to decisional biases. However, neither adolescents nor adults reach the ideal level of maximization and of rationality of the homo economicus proposed by classical economics theory, thus remaining more close to the model of the "bounded rationality" proposed by cognitive psychology. In the present study, we analyzed two aspects of decision making in 110 participants from early adolescence to young adulthood: the sensitivity to fairness and the permeability to decisional biases (Outcome Bias and Hindsight Bias). To address these questions, we adopted a modified version of the Ultimatum Game task, where participants faced fair, unfair, and hyperfair offers from proposers described as generous, selfish, or neutral. We also administered two behavioral tasks testing the influence of the Outcome Bias and of the Hindsight Bias in the evaluation of the decision. Our behavioral results highlighted that the participants are still partially consequentialist, as the decisional process is influenced by a complex balance between the outcome and the psychological description of the proposer. As regards cognitive biases, the Outcome Bias and the Hindsight Bias are present in the whole sample, with no relevant age differences.
在青春期和成年早期，个体要应对重要的发育变化，尤其是在复杂的社会互动背景下。先前的研究表明，这些变化对社会决策过程有重大影响，表现为对他人意图理解的逐渐增强、对公平的敏感度以及对决策偏差的不渗透性。然而，青少年和成年人都未达到古典经济学理论所提出的经济人最大化和理性的理想水平，因此更接近认知心理学提出的“有限理性”模型。在本研究中，我们分析了110名从青春期早期到成年早期参与者决策的两个方面：对公平的敏感度和对决策偏差（结果偏差和后见之明偏差）的渗透性。为解决这些问题，我们采用了最后通牒博弈任务的修改版本，参与者面对来自被描述为慷慨、自私或中立的提议者的公平、不公平和超公平提议。我们还进行了两项行为任务，测试结果偏差和后见之明偏差在决策评估中的影响。我们的行为结果突出表明，参与者仍然部分是结果主义者，因为决策过程受到结果与提议者心理描述之间复杂平衡的影响。至于认知偏差，整个样本中都存在结果偏差和后见之明偏差，且没有显著的年龄差异。
