Amin Kawa A M
Department of Medical Science, Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Clinical Chemistry and Asthma Research Centre, Uppsala University and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq.
Turk Thorac J. 2015 Jul;16(3):133-140. doi: 10.5152/ttd.2015.4942. Epub 2015 Jul 1.
Asthma and rhinitis are inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. Respiratory inflammation of the adaptive and innate immune system is the focus of this review, and chronic inflammation is not limited to the respiratory tissue. The inflammatory response, which consists of phagocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes, spreads along the respiratory tract, leading to tissue damage. Mast cells and eosinophils are commonly recognized for their detrimental role in allergic reactions on activation through the high- and low-affinity receptors for IgE FcɛRI. These cells rapidly produce and secrete many of the mediators responsible for the typical symptoms of asthma and rhinitis. However, increasing amount of evidence demonstrate that mast cells and leukocytes have vital roles in host defense against pathogenesis. Histological methods are used to study leukocytes and receptor expression pattern in different respiratory tract compartments. The overall aim of this review was to understand the relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract inflammation and remodeling in patients with allergic and non-allergic asthma and rhinitis. In conclusion, this review discusses the relationship between the upper and lower airway in respiratory disease and focuses on the effect of respiratory processes on laryngeal inflammation, remodeling, function, and symptoms; however, they also have a central role in the initiation of the allergic immune response. Our findings suggest that there are differences that contribute to the development of immunopathological mechanisms of these clinically distinct forms of asthma, rhinitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
哮喘和鼻炎是呼吸道的炎症性疾病。本综述聚焦于适应性和先天性免疫系统的呼吸道炎症，且慢性炎症并不局限于呼吸道组织。由吞噬细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞和淋巴细胞组成的炎症反应沿呼吸道扩散，导致组织损伤。肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞因通过IgE FcɛRI的高亲和力和低亲和力受体激活后在过敏反应中的有害作用而广为人知。这些细胞迅速产生并分泌许多导致哮喘和鼻炎典型症状的介质。然而，越来越多的证据表明肥大细胞和白细胞在宿主抵御发病机制中起着至关重要的作用。组织学方法用于研究不同呼吸道区域的白细胞和受体表达模式。本综述的总体目标是了解过敏性和非过敏性哮喘及鼻炎患者上、下呼吸道炎症与重塑之间的关系。总之，本综述讨论了呼吸系统疾病中上、下气道之间的关系，并聚焦于呼吸过程对喉部炎症、重塑、功能和症状的影响；然而，它们在过敏性免疫反应的启动中也起着核心作用。我们的研究结果表明，存在一些差异，这些差异促成了这些临床上不同形式的哮喘、鼻炎和慢性阻塞性肺疾病免疫病理机制的发展。
