N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Chem Soc Rev. 2018 Feb 21;47(4):1250-1284. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00547d. Epub 2018 Feb 7.
Inorganic and organic "solvent-in-salt" (SIS) systems have been known for decades but have attracted significant attention only recently. Molten salt hydrates/solvates have been successfully employed as non-flammable, benign electrolytes in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries leading to a revolution in battery development and design. SIS with organic components (for example, ionic liquids containing small amounts of water) demonstrate remarkable thermal stability and tunability, and present a class of admittedly safer electrolytes, in comparison with traditional organic solvents. Water molecules tend to form nano- and microstructures (droplets and channel networks) in ionic media impacting their heterogeneity. Such microscale domains can be employed as microreactors for chemical and enzymatic synthesis. In this review, we address known SIS systems and discuss their composition, structure, properties and dynamics. Special attention is paid to the current and potential applications of inorganic and organic SIS systems in energy research, chemistry and biochemistry. A separate section of this review is dedicated to experimental methods of SIS investigation, which is crucial for the development of this field.
无机和有机“溶剂化盐”（SIS）体系已经存在了几十年，但直到最近才引起了广泛关注。熔融盐水合物/溶剂化物已成功用作非易燃、良性电解质，用于可充电锂离子电池，从而引发了电池开发和设计的革命。含有少量水的离子液体等有机成分的 SIS 表现出显著的热稳定性和可调节性，与传统有机溶剂相比，提供了一类公认更安全的电解质。水分子在离子介质中倾向于形成纳米和微观结构（液滴和通道网络），从而影响其不均匀性。这种微尺度结构域可用作化学和酶合成的微反应器。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了已知的 SIS 体系，并讨论了它们的组成、结构、性质和动力学。特别关注无机和有机 SIS 体系在能源研究、化学和生物化学中的当前和潜在应用。本综述的一个单独部分专门介绍了 SIS 研究的实验方法，这对于该领域的发展至关重要。
