Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave 4771, Denmark.
Infect Genet Evol. 2018 Apr;59:84-98. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.020. Epub 2018 Feb 3.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for one of the most economically important infectious diseases of livestock. The virus spreads very easily and continues to affect many countries (mainly in Africa and Asia). The risks associated with the introduction of FMDV result in major barriers to trade in animals and their products. Seven antigenically distinct forms of the virus are known, called serotypes, but serotype C has not been detected anywhere for many years and may now be extinct. The serotypes have been further divided into topotypes (except for serotype Asia-1 viruses, which comprise a single topotype), genotypes, lineages and sub-lineages, which are usually restricted to specific geographical regions. However, sometimes, trans-regional spread of some strains occurs. Due to the error-prone replication of the RNA genome, the virus continuously evolves and new strains frequently arise (e.g. with modified antigenicity). Using nucleotide sequencing technologies, this rapid evolution of the viral genome can be followed. This allows the tracing of virus transmission pathways within an outbreak of disease if (near) full-length genome sequences can be generated. Furthermore, the movement of distinct virus lineages, from one country to another can be analyzed. Some important examples of the spread of new strains of FMD virus are described.
口蹄疫病毒（FMDV）是造成家畜最具经济重要性的传染病之一。该病毒传播非常容易，并持续影响许多国家（主要在非洲和亚洲）。引入 FMDV 的相关风险导致动物及其产品的贸易存在重大障碍。已知该病毒有七种抗原上不同的形式，称为血清型，但多年来在任何地方都未检测到血清型 C，现在可能已经灭绝。血清型进一步分为拓扑型（血清型 Asia-1 病毒除外，其仅包含单一拓扑型）、基因型、谱系和亚谱系，这些通常局限于特定的地理区域。然而，有时一些菌株会发生跨区域传播。由于 RNA 基因组的易错复制，病毒不断进化，经常出现新的菌株（例如抗原性发生改变）。通过使用核苷酸测序技术，可以跟踪病毒基因组的快速进化。如果能够生成（近乎）全长基因组序列，则可以跟踪疾病爆发中的病毒传播途径。此外，可以分析不同病毒谱系从一个国家到另一个国家的迁移。描述了口蹄疫病毒新菌株传播的一些重要例子。
