Voss J D, Goodson M S, Leon J C
Epidemiology Consult Service Division, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
711th Human Performance Wing, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
Zoonoses Public Health. 2018 May;65(3):279-290. doi: 10.1111/zph.12445. Epub 2018 Feb 12.
We propose the idea of "phenotype diffusion," which is a rapid convergence of an observed trait in some human and animal populations. The words phenotype and diffusion both imply observations independent of mechanism as phenotypes are observed traits with multiple possible genetic mechanisms and diffusion is an observed state of being widely distributed. Recognizing shared changes in phenotype in multiple species does not by itself reveal a particular mechanism such as a shared exposure, shared adaptive need, particular stochastic process or a transmission pathway. Instead, identifying phenotype diffusion suggests the mechanism should be explored to help illuminate the ways human and animal health are connected and new opportunities for optimizing these links. Using the plurality of obesity epidemics across multiple species as a prototype for shared changes in phenotype, the goal of this review was to explore eco-evolutionary theories that could inform further investigation. First, evolutionary changes described by hologenome evolution, pawnobe evolution, transposable element (TE) thrust and the drifty gene hypothesis will be discussed within the context of the selection asymmetries among human and animal populations. Secondly, the ecology of common source exposures (bovine milk, xenohormesis and "obesogens"), niche evolution and the hygiene hypothesis will be summarized. Finally, we synthesize these considerations. For example, many agricultural breeds have been aggressively selected for weight gain, microbiota (e.g., adenovirus 36, toxoplasmosis) associated with (or infecting) these breeds cause experimental weight gain in other animals, and these same microbes are associated with human obesity. We propose applications of phenotype diffusion could include zoonotic biosurveillance, biocontainment, antibiotic stewardship and environmental priorities. The One Health field is focused on the connections between the health of humans, animals and the environment, and so identification of phenotype diffusion is highly relevant for practitioners (public health officials, physicians and veterinarians) in this field.
我们提出了“表型扩散”的概念，即某些人类和动物群体中观察到的性状迅速趋同。“表型”和“扩散”这两个词都意味着与机制无关的观察结果，因为表型是具有多种可能遗传机制的观察到的性状，而扩散是一种观察到的广泛分布状态。认识到多个物种中表型的共同变化本身并不能揭示特定的机制，如共同暴露、共同适应需求、特定随机过程或传播途径。相反，识别表型扩散表明应该探索其机制，以帮助阐明人类和动物健康的联系以及优化这些联系的新机会。以多个物种中肥胖流行的多样性作为表型共同变化的原型，本综述的目的是探索可用于进一步研究的生态进化理论。首先，将在人类和动物群体选择不对称的背景下讨论全基因组进化、pawnobe进化、转座因子（TE）推动和漂变基因假说所描述的进化变化。其次，将总结共同来源暴露（牛乳、异源刺激和“致肥胖物”）的生态学、生态位进化和卫生假说。最后，我们综合这些考虑因素。例如，许多农业品种被积极选育以增加体重，与这些品种相关（或感染这些品种） 的微生物群（如腺病毒36、弓形虫病）会导致其他动物实验性体重增加，而这些相同的微生物也与人类肥胖有关。我们提出表型扩散的应用可能包括人畜共患病生物监测、生物遏制、抗生素管理和环境优先事项。“同一健康”领域关注人类、动物和环境健康之间的联系，因此识别表型扩散与该领域的从业者（公共卫生官员、医生和兽医）高度相关。
