Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2020 Apr;21(2):227-241. doi: 10.1177/1524838018757749. Epub 2018 Feb 13.
Gender-based violence (GBV) is an umbrella term for any harm that is perpetrated against a person's will and that results from power inequalities based on gender roles. Most global estimates of GBV implicitly refer only to the experiences of cisgender, heterosexually identified women, which often comes at the exclusion of transgender and gender nonconforming (trans) populations. Those who perpetrate violence against trans populations often target gender nonconformity, gender expression or identity, and perceived sexual orientation and thus these forms of violence should be considered within broader discussions of GBV. Nascent epidemiologic research suggests a high burden of GBV among trans populations, with an estimated prevalence that ranges from 7% to 89% among trans populations and subpopulations. Further, 165 trans persons have been reported murdered in the United States between 2008 and 2016. GBV is associated with multiple poor health outcomes and has been broadly posited as a component of syndemics, a term used to describe an interaction of diseases with underlying social forces, concomitant with limited prevention and response programs. The interaction of social stigma, inadequate laws, and punitive policies as well as a lack of effective GBV programs limits access to and use of GBV prevention and response programs among trans populations. This commentary summarizes the current body of research on GBV among trans populations and highlights areas for future research, intervention, and policy.
基于性别的暴力（GBV）是一个总称，指的是任何违背个人意愿、基于性别角色的不平等权力而实施的伤害。大多数关于 GBV 的全球估计都隐含地仅指顺性别、异性恋女性的经历，这往往排除了跨性别和性别不一致（跨性别）群体。那些对跨性别群体实施暴力的人通常针对性别不一致、性别表达或身份以及感知的性取向，因此这些形式的暴力应该在更广泛的 GBV 讨论中考虑。初步的流行病学研究表明，跨性别群体中存在很高的 GBV 负担，跨性别群体和亚群体中的估计患病率在 7%到 89%之间。此外，在 2008 年至 2016 年间，据报道在美国有 165 名跨性别者被谋杀。GBV 与多种不良健康结果有关，并被广泛认为是综合征的一个组成部分，该术语用于描述疾病与潜在社会力量的相互作用，同时预防和应对计划有限。社会耻辱、法律不足和惩罚性政策的相互作用以及缺乏有效的 GBV 计划限制了跨性别群体获得和使用 GBV 预防和应对计划的机会。本评论总结了目前关于跨性别群体中 GBV 的研究，并强调了未来研究、干预和政策的领域。
