School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 135 Xingang West Street, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510275, China.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2018 Mar 1;20(3):553-560. doi: 10.1039/c7em00560a. Epub 2018 Feb 20.
Benzophenone (BP)-type UV filters are widely used in sunscreen products to protect human skin from UV radiation. However, only a few studies have been conducted to determine the level of human exposure to BPs in rural areas of China. In this study, we evaluated the exposure levels of people living in three villages and a city in South China to five major BPs (BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, and 4-OH-BP). The detection rates of BP-1, BP-3, and 4-OH-BP were 66%, 72%, and 75%, respectively, in rural areas and 85%, 75%, and 80%, correspondingly, in urban areas. BP-2 and BP-8 were rarely detected. The results indicated that people living in South China are extensively exposed to BPs, regardless of sampling sites (rural and urban areas). The observed concentrations of BP-1 (urban vs. rural = 1.04 ng mLvs. 0.21 ng mL) and BP-3 (0.37 ng mLvs. 0.16 ng mL) were significantly (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.01) lower in the rural areas than in the urban areas. BP-1 (59%) based on composition profile analysis was the dominant BP derivative in urine samples of urban residents, whereas 4-OH-BP (36%) was the most prevalent BP in rural areas. In the rural areas, significant positive correlations between urinary BP-1 and BP-3 (r = 0.529, p < 0.01) and between urinary BP-1 and 4-OH-BP (r = 0.323, p < 0.05) concentrations were obtained; in the urban areas, we only observed a clear correlation (p < 0.01) between BP-1 and 4-OH-BP. The different composition profiles and associations among urinary BPs indicated that exposure sources of BPs might be different between rural and urban areas. The distribution profiles of BP-1 and its parent compound (i.e., BP-3) in urine decreased with the age of adults (r = -0.410, p < 0.01) in the rural areas.
二苯甲酮 (BP) 型紫外线吸收剂广泛应用于防晒霜产品中，以保护人体皮肤免受紫外线辐射。然而，仅有少数研究致力于确定中国农村地区人群接触 BP 的水平。在这项研究中，我们评估了华南三个农村村庄和一个城市居民接触五种主要 BP（BP-1、BP-2、BP-3、BP-8 和 4-羟基-BP）的水平。在农村地区，BP-1、BP-3 和 4-羟基-BP 的检出率分别为 66%、72%和 75%，而在城市地区，相应的检出率分别为 85%、75%和 80%。BP-2 和 BP-8 则很少被检出。结果表明，华南地区人群广泛接触 BP，无论采样地点（农村和城市）如何。在城市地区和农村地区，BP-1（城市 vs. 农村=1.04ng/mL vs. 0.21ng/mL）和 BP-3（0.37ng/mL vs. 0.16ng/mL）的浓度均存在显著差异（单向方差分析，p<0.01）。基于组成谱分析，BP-1（59%）是城市居民尿液中主要的 BP 衍生物，而 4-羟基-BP（36%）是农村地区最普遍的 BP。在农村地区，尿液中 BP-1 和 BP-3（r=0.529，p<0.01）以及 BP-1 和 4-羟基-BP（r=0.323，p<0.05）浓度之间存在显著正相关；而在城市地区，我们仅观察到 BP-1 和 4-羟基-BP 之间存在明显的相关性（p<0.01）。尿液中 BP 的不同组成谱及其相关性表明，BP 的暴露源在城乡地区可能存在差异。BP-1 及其母体化合物（即 BP-3）在农村地区尿液中的分布谱随成人年龄的增加而降低（r=-0.410，p<0.01）。
