Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
Department of Genetics, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
PLoS One. 2018 Feb 21;13(2):e0193156. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193156. eCollection 2018.
Barley is one of the cereals that are most sensitive to aluminum (Al). Al in acid soils limits barley growth and development and, as a result, its productivity. The inhibition of root growth is a widely accepted indicator of Al stress. Al toxicity is affected by many factors including the culture medium, pH, Al concentration and the duration of the treatment. However, Al can act differently in different species and still Al toxicity in barley deserves study. Since the mechanism of Al toxicity is discussed we cytogenetically describe the effects of different doses of bioavailable Al on the barley nuclear genome-mitotic activity, cell cycle profile and DNA integrity. At the same time, we tested an established deep-water culture (DWC) hydroponics system and analyzed the effects of Al on the root system parameters using WinRHIZO software. We demonstrated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of Al in barley root cells. We showed that Al treatment significantly reduced the mitotic activity of the root tip cells and it also induced micronuclei and damaged nuclei. The DNA-damaging effect of Al was observed using the TUNEL test. We define the inhibitory influence of Al on DNA replication in barley. Analysis with the labelling and detection of 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridin (EdU) showed that the treatment with Al significantly decreased the frequency of S phase cells. We also demonstrated that Al exposure led to changes in the cell cycle profile of barley root tips. The delay of cell divisions observed as increased frequency of cells in G2/M phase after Al treatment was reported using flow cytometry.
大麦是对铝（Al）最敏感的谷物之一。酸性土壤中的 Al 会限制大麦的生长和发育，从而降低其生产力。根生长的抑制是 Al 胁迫的一个广泛接受的指标。Al 毒性受许多因素的影响，包括培养基、pH 值、Al 浓度和处理时间。然而，Al 在不同物种中的作用可能不同，因此仍需要研究大麦中的 Al 毒性。由于讨论了 Al 毒性的机制，我们通过细胞遗传学描述了不同剂量的生物可利用 Al 对大麦核基因组-有丝分裂活性、细胞周期谱和 DNA 完整性的影响。同时，我们测试了一种已建立的深水培养（DWC）水培系统，并使用 WinRHIZO 软件分析了 Al 对根系参数的影响。我们证明了 Al 在大麦根细胞中的细胞毒性和遗传毒性作用。我们表明，Al 处理显著降低了根尖细胞的有丝分裂活性，并且还诱导了微核和受损核。使用 TUNEL 测试观察到 Al 对 DNA 的损伤作用。我们定义了 Al 对大麦 DNA 复制的抑制作用。通过对 5-乙炔基-2'-脱氧尿苷（EdU）的标记和检测分析表明，Al 处理显著降低了 S 期细胞的频率。我们还证明，Al 暴露导致大麦根尖细胞周期谱发生变化。使用流式细胞术观察到 Al 处理后 G2/M 期细胞频率增加，表明细胞分裂延迟。
