MSc International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018 Apr;25(10):9293-9310. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-1499-z. Epub 2018 Feb 22.
The increasing demand for and reliance on plastics as an everyday item, and rapid rise in their production and subsequent indiscriminate disposal, rise in human population and industrial growth, have made the material an important environmental concern and focus of interest of many research. Historically, plastic production has increased tremendously to over 250 million tonnes by 2009 with an annual increased rate of 9%. In 2015, the global consumption of plastic materials was reported to be > 300 million tonnes and is expected to surge exponentially. Because plastic polymers are ubiquitous, highly resistant to degradation, the influx of these persistent, complex materials is a risk to human and environmental health. Because microplastics are principally generated from the weathering or breakdown of larger plastics (macroplastics), it is noteworthy and expedient to discuss in detail, expatiate, and tackle this main source. Macro- and microplastic pollution has been reported on a global scale from the poles to the equator. The major problem of concern is that they strangulate and are ingested by a number of aquatic biota especially the filter feeders, such as molluscs, mussels, oysters, from where it enters the food chain and consequently could lead to physical and toxicological effects on aquatic organisms and human being as final consumers. To this end, in order to minimise the negative impacts posed by plastic pollution (macro- and microplastics), a plethora of strategies have been developed at various levels to reduce and manage the plastic wastes. The objective of this paper is to review some published literature on management measures of plastic wastes to curb occurrence and incidents of large- and microplastics pollution in the marine environments.
随着塑料在日常生活中的需求和依赖不断增加，其产量迅速上升，随后又被随意丢弃，加上人口增长和工业发展，塑料已成为一个重要的环境问题，引起了许多研究机构的关注。历史上，到 2009 年，塑料产量已从 2.5 亿多吨猛增至 2.5 亿多吨，年增长率为 9%。2015 年，全球塑料材料消费量据报道超过 3 亿吨，预计将呈指数级增长。由于塑料聚合物无处不在，且极难降解，这些持久性、复杂的材料大量涌入，对人类和环境健康构成了风险。由于微塑料主要是由较大塑料（即宏观塑料）的风化或分解产生的，因此详细讨论、阐述和解决这一主要来源问题是值得关注和适时的。从极地到赤道，全球范围内都有关于宏观和微观塑料污染的报道。主要令人担忧的问题是，这些塑料会缠住并被许多水生生物群，特别是滤食性生物，如软体动物、贻贝、牡蛎所吞食，从而进入食物链，并可能对水生生物和作为最终消费者的人类造成身体和毒理影响。为此，为了最大限度地减少塑料污染（宏观和微观塑料）带来的负面影响，在各个层面上已经制定了大量策略，以减少和管理塑料废物。本文的目的是回顾一些关于塑料废物管理措施的已发表文献，以遏制海洋环境中大型和微型塑料污染的发生和事件。
