Portelli Sabrina N, Quinteros Andrés S
UNSa-CONICET, Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Rosario de Lerma, Salta, Argentina.
PeerJ. 2018 Feb 20;6:e4404. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4404. eCollection 2018.
The genus comprises more than 260 species and can be divided in two subgenera: and . In this paper, we present a phylogenetic analysis, divergence times, and ancestral distribution ranges of the group ( subgenus). We inferred a total evidence phylogeny combining molecular ( and genes) and morphological characters using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference. Divergence times were calculated using Bayesian MCMC with an uncorrelated lognormal distributed relaxed clock, calibrated with a fossil record. Ancestral ranges were estimated using the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC-Lagrange). Effects of some parameters of DEC were also tested. Distribution ranged from central Perú to southern Argentina, including areas at sea level up to the high Andes. The group was recovered as monophyletic, formed by two clades: and , the latter can be split in two groups. Additionally, many species candidates were recognized. We estimate that the group diversified 14.5 Myr ago, during the Middle Miocene. Our results suggest that the ancestor of the group was distributed in a wide area including Patagonia and Puna highlands. The speciation pattern follows the South-North Diversification Hypothesis, following the Andean uplift.
该属包含260多个物种，可分为两个亚属： 和 。在本文中，我们展示了 组（ 亚属）的系统发育分析、分歧时间和祖先分布范围。我们使用最大简约法和贝叶斯推断，结合分子（ 和 基因）和形态特征推断了一个全证据系统发育。分歧时间使用贝叶斯MCMC计算，采用不相关的对数正态分布宽松时钟，并根据化石记录进行校准。祖先范围使用扩散-灭绝-分支发生法（DEC-Lagrange）估计。还测试了DEC的一些参数的影响。分布范围从秘鲁中部到阿根廷南部，包括海平面到安第斯山脉高处的区域。 组被恢复为单系，由两个分支组成： 和 ，后者可分为两组。此外，还识别出许多候选物种。我们估计 组在中新世中期的1450万年前开始分化。我们的结果表明， 组的祖先分布在包括巴塔哥尼亚和普纳高地在内的广泛区域。物种形成模式遵循南北分化假说，与安第斯山脉隆起一致。
