Acid-base regulation in the air-breathing swamp eel () at different temperatures.

Vertebrates reduce arterial blood pH (pHa) when body temperature increases. In water breathers, this response occurs primarily by reducing plasma HCO levels with small changes in the partial pressure of CO ( ). In contrast, air breathers mediate the decrease in pHa by increasing arterial  (a ) at constant plasma HCO by reducing lung ventilation relative to metabolic CO production. Much less is known about bimodal breathers, which utilize both water and air. Here, we characterized the influence of temperature on arterial acid-base balance and intracellular pH (pH) in the bimodal-breathing swamp eel, This teleost uses the buccopharyngeal cavity for gas exchange and has very reduced gills. When exposed to ecologically relevant temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35°C) for 24 and 48 h, pHa decreased by -0.025 pH units (U) °C in association with an increase in a , but without changes in plasma [HCO]. pH was also reduced with increased temperature. The slope of pH of liver and muscle was -0.014 and -0.019 U °C, while the heart muscle showed a smaller reduction (-0.008 U °C). When exposed to hypercapnia (7 or 14 mmHg) at either 25 or 35°C, elevated plasma [HCO] and therefore seemed to defend the new pHa set-point, demonstrating an adjusted control of acid-base balance with temperature. Overall, the effects of temperature on acid-base balance in resemble those in air-breathing amniotes, and we discuss the possibility that this pattern of acid-base balance results from a progressive transition in CO excretion from water to air as temperature rises.