Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Jul 15;630:922-930. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.166. Epub 2018 Mar 7.
This study sought to develop analytical methods to characterize titanium dioxide (TiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), including the particle size distribution and concentration, in cream and spray sunscreens with different sun protection factor (SPF). The Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (SP ICP-MS) was used as screening and fast method to determine particles size and number. The Asymmetric Flow-Field Flow Fractionation (AF4-FFF) as a pre-separation technique was on-line coupled to the Multi-Angle Light Scattering (MALS) and ICP-MS to determine particle size distributions and size dependent multi-elemental concentration. Both methods were optimized in sunscreens in terms of recovery, repeatability, limit of detection and linear dynamic range. Results showed that sunscreens contained TiO particles with an average size of ≤107 nm and also a minor number of ZnO particles sized ≤98 nm. The higher fraction of particles <100 nm was observed in sunscreens with SPF 50+ (ca. 80%); the lower percentage (12-35%) in sunscreens with lower SPF values. Also the higher TiO (up to 24% weight) and ZnO (ca. 0.25% weight) concentrations were found in formulations of SPF 50+. Creamy sunscreens could be considered safe containing TiO and ZnO NPs less than the maximum allowable concentration of 25% weight as set by the European legislation. On the contrary, spray products required additional considerations with regard to the potential inhalation of NPs. The developed methods can contribute to the actual demand for regulatory control and safety assessment of metallic NPs in consumers' products.
本研究旨在开发分析方法来表征二氧化钛（TiO）和氧化锌（ZnO）纳米颗粒（NPs），包括在具有不同防晒因子（SPF）的乳膏和喷雾防晒霜中的粒径分布和浓度。单颗粒电感耦合等离子体质谱（SP ICP-MS）被用作筛选和快速方法来确定颗粒尺寸和数量。不对称流场流分离（AF4-FFF）作为一种预分离技术与多角度光散射（MALS）和 ICP-MS 在线耦合，以确定粒径分布和尺寸相关的多元素浓度。这两种方法都在防晒霜中进行了优化，包括回收率、重复性、检测限和线性动态范围。结果表明，防晒霜中含有 TiO 颗粒，平均粒径≤107nm，并且还存在少量 ZnO 颗粒，粒径≤98nm。在 SPF 50+（约 80%）的防晒霜中观察到粒径<100nm 的颗粒比例较高；在 SPF 值较低的防晒霜中，这一比例较低（12-35%）。此外，在 SPF 50+的配方中还发现了较高浓度的 TiO（高达 24%重量）和 ZnO（约 0.25%重量）。含 TiO 和 ZnO NPs 的乳膏防晒霜可以被认为是安全的，因为它们的含量低于欧洲法规规定的 25%重量的最大允许浓度。相反，喷雾产品需要对潜在的 NPs 吸入问题进行额外考虑。所开发的方法可以为消费者产品中金属 NPs 的法规控制和安全评估提供实际需求。
