Sittner Kelley J, Gentzler Kari C
Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, 431 Murray Hall, Still water OK 74078 Oklahoma City, USA.
Department of Sociology, Doane College, Lincoln, USA.
J Dev Life Course Criminol. 2016 Dec;2(4):494-515. doi: 10.1007/s40865-016-0045-2. Epub 2016 Oct 20.
North American indigenous (American Indian/Canadian First Nations) adolescents are overrepresented in the juvenile justice systems in the USA and Canada. One explanation advanced for disproportionate numbers of racial and ethnic minorities in the justice systems is the unequal distribution of risk factors across groups. The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for first arrest within a population sample of indigenous adolescents.
The data come from an 8-year longitudinal panel study of indigenous youth ( = 641) from the northern Midwest and Canada, spanning ages 10 to 19 years. We used a discrete-time survival model to estimate the overall hazard of first arrest and change in the arrest hazard over time and included both time-invariant and time varying risk factors.
The risk of arrest increased over time, although the largest increase occurred between waves 3 and 4, when the adolescents averaged 13.1 and 14.3 years, respectively. The youth had a 55 % probability of being arrested at least once by the end of the study. Of the time-invariant risk factors, exposure to violence, parent arrest, age, and income were associated with overall risk of first arrest. Three time-varying risk factors (alcohol use, marijuana use, and peer delinquency) were associated with changes in the risk of first arrest.
Being arrested carries significant repercussions for young people, including involvement in the juvenile justice system as well as consequences into adulthood. Communities must go beyond programs that target problem behaviors because community, family, and peer factors are also important.
在美国和加拿大的青少年司法系统中，北美原住民（美国印第安人/加拿大第一民族）青少年的比例过高。司法系统中种族和少数族裔人数不成比例的一个原因是风险因素在不同群体中的分布不均。本研究的目的是调查原住民青少年群体样本中首次被捕的患病率和风险因素。
数据来自对美国中西部北部和加拿大的641名原住民青少年进行的为期8年的纵向跟踪研究，年龄跨度为10至19岁。我们使用离散时间生存模型来估计首次被捕的总体风险以及随时间变化的被捕风险，并纳入了时不变和时变风险因素。
被捕风险随时间增加，尽管最大增幅出现在第3波和第4波之间，此时青少年的平均年龄分别为13.1岁和14.3岁。到研究结束时，这些青少年至少被捕一次的概率为55%。在时不变风险因素中，接触暴力、父母被捕、年龄和收入与首次被捕的总体风险相关。三个时变风险因素（饮酒、使用大麻和同伴犯罪）与首次被捕风险的变化相关。
被捕对年轻人有重大影响，包括卷入青少年司法系统以及成年后的后果。社区必须超越针对问题行为的项目，因为社区、家庭和同伴因素也很重要。
