Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China.
Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2018 Aug;93(3):1421-1437. doi: 10.1111/brv.12402. Epub 2018 Mar 5.
The number of alien plants escaping from cultivation into native ecosystems is increasing steadily. We provide an overview of the historical, contemporary and potential future roles of ornamental horticulture in plant invasions. We show that currently at least 75% and 93% of the global naturalised alien flora is grown in domestic and botanical gardens, respectively. Species grown in gardens also have a larger naturalised range than those that are not. After the Middle Ages, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, a global trade network in plants emerged. Since then, cultivated alien species also started to appear in the wild more frequently than non-cultivated aliens globally, particularly during the 19th century. Horticulture still plays a prominent role in current plant introduction, and the monetary value of live-plant imports in different parts of the world is steadily increasing. Historically, botanical gardens - an important component of horticulture - played a major role in displaying, cultivating and distributing new plant discoveries. While the role of botanical gardens in the horticultural supply chain has declined, they are still a significant link, with one-third of institutions involved in retail-plant sales and horticultural research. However, botanical gardens have also become more dependent on commercial nurseries as plant sources, particularly in North America. Plants selected for ornamental purposes are not a random selection of the global flora, and some of the plant characteristics promoted through horticulture, such as fast growth, also promote invasion. Efforts to breed non-invasive plant cultivars are still rare. Socio-economical, technological, and environmental changes will lead to novel patterns of plant introductions and invasion opportunities for the species that are already cultivated. We describe the role that horticulture could play in mediating these changes. We identify current research challenges, and call for more research efforts on the past and current role of horticulture in plant invasions. This is required to develop science-based regulatory frameworks to prevent further plant invasions.
逃逸出栽培环境进入自然生态系统的外来植物的数量正在稳步增加。我们概述了观赏园艺在植物入侵中的历史、当代和潜在未来作用。我们表明，目前至少有 75%和 93%的全球归化外来植物分别在国内和植物园中种植。在花园中种植的物种的归化范围比未种植的物种更大。从中世纪开始，特别是在 18 世纪和 19 世纪，植物的全球贸易网络出现了。从那时起，栽培的外来物种也开始比非栽培的外来物种更频繁地出现在野外，特别是在 19 世纪。园艺在当前植物引种中仍然发挥着突出的作用，世界不同地区活体植物进口的货币价值也在稳步增加。历史上，植物园——园艺的一个重要组成部分——在展示、培育和传播新植物发现方面发挥了重要作用。虽然植物园在园艺供应链中的作用已经下降，但它们仍然是一个重要的环节，有三分之一的机构参与零售植物销售和园艺研究。然而，植物园也越来越依赖商业苗圃作为植物来源，特别是在北美。用于观赏目的的植物并不是全球植物群的随机选择，通过园艺推广的一些植物特征，如快速生长，也促进了入侵。培育非入侵植物品种的努力仍然很少。社会经济、技术和环境变化将导致已经栽培的物种的植物引种和入侵机会出现新的模式。我们描述了园艺在调节这些变化方面可能发挥的作用。我们确定了当前的研究挑战，并呼吁加大对园艺在植物入侵中的过去和当前作用的研究力度。这是为了制定基于科学的监管框架，以防止进一步的植物入侵。
