Fischer Ronald, Boer Diana
Centre for Applied Cross-Cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand; Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Denmark.
University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2016 Apr;8:155-160. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.12.009. Epub 2015 Dec 17.
Values are motivational goals that influence attitudes, behaviors and evaluations. Cross-cultural evidence suggests that values show a systematic structure. Personal and cultural variations in the value structure, value priorities and value links to attitudes, behavior and well-being reflect contextual constraints and affordances in the environment, suggesting that values function as broadly adaptive psychological structures. The internal structure of values (the descriptive value system) becomes more clearly differentiated in more economically developed contexts. Value priorities shift toward more autonomous, self-expressive and individualistic orientations with greater economic resources and less ecological stress. In addition to systematic changes in internal structure, value links to attitudes, behaviors and well-being are influenced by economic, ecological and institutional contexts. Values are more likely to be expressed in attitudes and behavior if individuals have greater access to economic resources, experience less institutional and ecological stress or when the values reinforce culturally normative behavior. Frontiers for further value research include a greater examination of the neural underpinnings of values in specific ecological contexts and across the lifespan; and an examination of how values are behaviorally instantiated in different environments.
价值观是影响态度、行为和评价的动机性目标。跨文化证据表明，价值观呈现出一种系统结构。价值结构、价值优先级以及价值观与态度、行为和幸福感之间的联系在个人和文化层面上的差异，反映了环境中的情境限制和机遇，这表明价值观起着广泛适应性心理结构的作用。在经济更发达的背景下，价值观的内部结构（描述性价值体系）会变得更加清晰可辨。随着经济资源增加和生态压力减小，价值优先级会朝着更自主、自我表达和个人主义的方向转变。除了内部结构的系统性变化外，价值观与态度、行为和幸福感之间的联系还受到经济、生态和制度背景的影响。如果个体有更多机会获取经济资源、经历较少的制度和生态压力，或者当价值观强化文化规范行为时，价值观更有可能在态度和行为中得以体现。进一步的价值研究前沿包括更深入地考察特定生态背景下以及整个生命周期中价值观的神经基础；以及考察价值观在不同环境中如何通过行为得以体现。
