Sievers Jan Christian, Londong Jörg
District Government, Department 54, Water management and pollution control in industrial facilities, Seibertzstr, 1, 59821, Arnsberg, Germany E-mail:
Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Coudraystr. 7, 99423 Weimar, Germany.
Water Sci Technol. 2018 Mar;77(5-6):1196-1203. doi: 10.2166/wst.2017.627.
The knowledge of loads and concentrations is fundamental for the design of graywater treatment units, but the data on the characteristics of graywater and in particular graywater solids are weak. As general design values regarding graywater treatment facilities are not available for Germany, the objective of this article is to elaborate the characteristics of graywater and graywater solids. This paper describes the results of six sampling campaigns carried out on graywater systems in the German cities Berlin, Lübeck and Kiel. All graywater samples were collected proportional to the flow and the graywater solids were gathered separately. The collected data include graywater volumes and characteristics regarding the organic pollution (chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) and nutrients (total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)). The graywater volume fluctuated depending on the location. The specific average flow was 68 litre per inhabitant per day (L/inh.d). Inhabitant-specific loads of 49.3 gCOD/inh·d, 28 gBOD/inh.d, 1 gTN/inh.d and 0.38 gTP/inh.d (subscript 't' = total) were found. Information about the composition of graywater solids in terms of quantity and quality is seriously lacking. Therefore, graywater solids were examined with respect to organic matter (COD) and nutrients (TN, TP). The contribution of graywater solids with particle sizes over 200 microns in relation to the total inhabitant-specific load was approximately 3-8% depending on the parameter. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the investigated graywater fractions may serve as a base for the estimation of design values.
对于中水（灰水）处理单元的设计而言，负荷和浓度的知识至关重要，但关于中水特性，尤其是中水固体物的数据却很匮乏。由于德国没有关于中水（灰水）处理设施的通用设计值，本文的目的是详细阐述中水（灰水）及其固体物的特性。本文描述了在德国柏林、吕贝克和基尔市的中水（灰水）系统上开展的六次采样活动的结果。所有中水（灰水）样本均按流量比例采集，中水（灰水）固体物则单独收集。收集到的数据包括中水（灰水）体积以及有关有机污染（化学需氧量（COD）、五日生化需氧量（BOD））和营养物（总氮（TN）、总磷（TP））的特性。中水（灰水）体积因地点而异。特定平均流量为每人每天68升（L/inh.d）。发现每人每天的负荷为49.3克COD/inh·d、28克BOD/inh.d、1克TN/inh.d和0.38克TP/inh.d（下标“t”表示总量）。关于中水（灰水）固体物在数量和质量方面的组成信息严重不足。因此，对中水（灰水）固体物的有机物（COD）和营养物（TN、TP）进行了检测。根据参数不同，粒径超过200微米的中水（灰水）固体物对每人每天总负荷的贡献约为3 - 8%。所研究的中水（灰水）组分的定性和定量特性可作为估算设计值的基础。
