Di Lernia Daniele, Serino Silvia, Pezzulo Giovanni, Pedroli Elisa, Cipresso Pietro, Riva Giuseppe
Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy.
Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2018 Mar 6;12:74. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00074. eCollection 2018.
The nature of time is rooted in our body. Constellations of impulses arising from the flesh constantly create our interoceptive perception and, in turn, the unfolding of these perceptions defines human awareness of time. This study explored the connection between time perception and interoception and proposes the Interoceptive Buffer saturation (IBs) index. IBs evaluates subjects' ability to process salient stimuli from the body by measuring subjective distortions of interoceptive time perception, i.e., the estimated duration of tactile interoceptive stimulations. Thirty female healthy subjects were recruited through consecutive sampling and assessed for common variables related to interoceptive alterations: depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-II), eating disorders (EDI-3) risk, and anxiety levels (State Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI). Interoceptive cardiac accuracy (IAc) was assessed as well. Subjects performed verbal time estimation of interoceptive stimuli (IBs) delivered using a specifically designed interoceptive tactile stimulator, as well as verbal time estimation of visual and auditory stimuli. Results showed that IBs index positively correlated with IAc, and negatively with EDI-3 Drive for Thinness (DT) risk subscale. Moreover, IBs index was positively predicted by IAc, and negatively predicted by DT and somatic factors of depression. Our results suggest that underestimations in interoceptive time perception are connected to different psychological conditions characterized by a diminished processing of high salience stimuli from the body. Conversely, overestimations of the duration of interoceptive stimuli appear to be function of subjects' ability to correctly perceive their own bodily information. Evidence supported IBs index, fostering the concept of interoceptive treatments for clinical purposes.
时间的本质根植于我们的身体。源自肉体的一系列冲动不断塑造我们的内感受觉,而这些感觉的展开反过来又定义了人类对时间的认知。本研究探讨了时间感知与内感受之间的联系,并提出了内感受缓冲饱和度(IBs)指数。IBs通过测量内感受时间感知的主观偏差,即触觉内感受刺激的估计持续时间,来评估受试者处理来自身体的显著刺激的能力。通过连续抽样招募了30名健康女性受试者,并对与内感受改变相关的常见变量进行了评估:抑郁症状(贝克抑郁量表,BDI-II)、饮食失调(EDI-3)风险和焦虑水平(状态特质焦虑量表,STAI)。同时也评估了内感受性心脏准确性(IAc)。受试者对使用专门设计的内感受触觉刺激器提供的内感受刺激(IBs)进行言语时间估计,以及对视觉和听觉刺激进行言语时间估计。结果表明,IBs指数与IAc呈正相关,与EDI-3瘦身驱力(DT)风险子量表呈负相关。此外,IAc对IBs指数有正向预测作用,而DT和抑郁的躯体因素对其有负向预测作用。我们的结果表明,内感受时间感知的低估与不同的心理状况有关,这些心理状况的特征是对来自身体的高显著性刺激的处理能力下降。相反,内感受刺激持续时间的高估似乎是受试者正确感知自身身体信息能力的体现。证据支持了IBs指数,促进了临床内感受治疗概念的发展。