Bolker Benjamin M, Pacala Stephen W
Am Nat. 1999 Jun;153(6):575-602. doi: 10.1086/303199.
A plant lineage can compete for resources in a spatially variable environment by colonizing new areas, exploiting resources in those areas quickly before other plants arrive to compete with it, or tolerating competition once other plants do arrive. These specializations are ubiquitous in plant communities, but all three have never been derived from a spatial model of community dynamics-instead, the possibility of rapid exploitation has been either overlooked or confounded with colonization. We use moment equations, equations for the mean densities and spatial covariance of competing plant populations, to characterize these strategies in a fully spatial stochastic model. The moment equations predict endogenous spatial pattern formation and the efficacy of spatial strategies under different conditions. The model shows that specializations for colonization, exploitation, and tolerance are all possible, and these are the only possible spatial strategies; among them, they partition all of the endogenous spatial structure in the environment. The model predicts two distinct short-dispersal specializations where parents disperse their offspring locally, either to exploit empty patches quickly or to fill patches to exclude competitors.
一个植物谱系可以通过开拓新区域、在其他植物到来竞争之前迅速利用这些区域的资源或者在其他植物到来后忍受竞争，在空间异质性环境中竞争资源。这些特化现象在植物群落中普遍存在，但这三种情况从未从群落动态的空间模型中推导出来——相反，快速利用资源的可能性要么被忽视，要么与开拓混淆。我们使用矩方程，即竞争植物种群的平均密度和空间协方差方程，在一个完全空间随机模型中描述这些策略。矩方程预测了内源性空间格局的形成以及不同条件下空间策略的有效性。该模型表明，开拓、利用和耐受的特化都是可能的，并且这些是仅有的可能空间策略；在它们之中，它们划分了环境中所有的内源性空间结构。该模型预测了两种不同的短扩散特化情况，即亲本在本地分散其后代，要么迅速利用空斑块，要么填满斑块以排除竞争者。
