School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
Department of Geography and Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Mar 29;15(4):629. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15040629.
This paper critically examines the relationship between air pollution and deprivation. We argue that focusing on a particular economic or social model of urban development might lead one to erroneously expect all cities to converge towards a particular universal norm. A naive market sorting model, for example, would predict that poor households will eventually be sorted into high pollution areas, leading to a positive relationship between air pollution and deprivation. If, however, one considers a wider set of theoretical perspectives, the anticipated relationship between air pollution and deprivation becomes more complex and idiosyncratic. Specifically, we argue the relationship between pollution and deprivation can only be made sense of by considering processes of risk perception, path dependency, gentrification and urbanization. Rather than expecting all areas to eventually converge to some universal norm, we should expect the differences in the relationship between air pollution and deprivation across localities to persist. Mindful of these insights, we propose an approach to modeling which does not impose a geographically fixed relationship. Results for Scotland reveal substantial variations in the observed relationships over space and time, supporting our argument.
本文批判性地审视了空气污染与贫困之间的关系。我们认为，关注特定的城市发展经济或社会模式，可能会导致人们错误地期望所有城市都朝着特定的普遍规范趋同。例如，一个天真的市场分类模型会预测，贫困家庭最终将被分配到高污染地区，从而导致空气污染与贫困之间呈正相关关系。然而，如果考虑更广泛的理论视角，那么预期的空气污染与贫困之间的关系就会变得更加复杂和特殊。具体来说，我们认为只有通过考虑风险感知、路径依赖、高档化和城市化等过程，才能理解污染与贫困之间的关系。我们不应该期望所有地区最终都能趋同于某种普遍规范，而应该预期不同地区空气污染与贫困之间的关系差异将持续存在。考虑到这些观点，我们提出了一种不施加地理固定关系的建模方法。苏格兰的研究结果显示，在空间和时间上，观察到的关系存在很大差异，这支持了我们的观点。
