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通过对蝴蝶的几何形态测量分析揭示了共同拟态者中整个前翅的大小和形状以及红色带的细微变化。

Subtle variation in size and shape of the whole forewing and the red band among co-mimics revealed by geometric morphometric analysis in butterflies.

作者信息

Rossato Dirleane O, Boligon Danessa, Fornel Rodrigo, Kronforst Marcus R, Gonçalves Gislene L, Moreira Gilson R P

机构信息

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil.

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões Erechim Brazil.

出版信息

Ecol Evol. 2018 Feb 19;8(6):3280-3295. doi: 10.1002/ece3.3916. eCollection 2018 Mar.

Abstract

are unpalatable butterflies that exhibit remarkable intra- and interspecific variation in wing color pattern, specifically warning coloration. Species that have converged on the same pattern are often clustered in Müllerian mimicry rings. Overall, wing color patterns are nearly identical among co-mimics. However, fine-scale differences exist, indicating that factors in addition to natural selection may underlie wing phenotype. Here, we investigate differences in shape and size of the forewing and the red band in the postman mimicry ring ( and the co-mimics , ) using a landmark-based approach. If phenotypic evolution is driven entirely by predation pressure, we expect nonsignificant differences among co-mimics in terms of wing shape. Also, a reinforcement of wing pattern (i.e., greater similarity) could occur when co-mimics are in sympatry. We also examined variation in the red forewing band because this trait is critical for both mimicry and sexual communication. Morphometric results revealed significant but small differences among species, particularly in the shape of the forewing of co-mimics. Although we did not observe greater similarity when co-mimics were in sympatry, nearly identical patterns provided evidence of convergence for mimicry. In contrast, mimetic pairs could be distinguished based on the shape (but not the size) of the red band, suggesting an "advergence" process. In addition, sexual dimorphism in the red band shape (but not size) was found for all lineages. Thus, we infer that natural selection due to predation by birds might not be the only mechanism responsible for variation in color patterns, and sexual selection could be an important driver of wing phenotypic evolution in this mimicry ring.

摘要

是一类难吃的蝴蝶,其翅色图案在种内和种间表现出显著差异,特别是警戒色。趋同于相同图案的物种通常聚集在缪勒拟态环中。总体而言,共同拟态者之间的翅色图案几乎相同。然而,存在细微差异,这表明除自然选择外的其他因素可能是翅表型的基础。在这里,我们使用基于地标点的方法研究了邮差拟态环(以及共同拟态者 、 )中前翅和红色带的形状和大小差异。如果表型进化完全由捕食压力驱动,我们预计共同拟态者之间在翅形方面没有显著差异。此外,当共同拟态者同域分布时,翅图案可能会强化(即更相似)。我们还研究了红色前翅带的变异,因为这一特征对拟态和性交流都至关重要。形态测量结果显示物种之间存在显著但微小的差异,特别是在共同拟态者的前翅形状上。虽然我们没有观察到共同拟态者同域分布时更相似的情况,但几乎相同的图案为拟态趋同提供了证据。相比之下,拟态对可以根据红色带的形状(而非大小)来区分,这表明存在一个“反向趋同”过程。此外,在所有谱系中都发现了红色带形状(而非大小)的两性异形。因此,我们推断鸟类捕食导致的自然选择可能不是负责颜色图案变异的唯一机制,性选择可能是这个拟态环中翅表型进化的一个重要驱动因素。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/32d2/5869215/1f948d8cead5/ECE3-8-3280-g001.jpg

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