Awad Doaa, Wilińska Joanna, Gousia Dimitra, Shi Xiaoye, Eddous Jnina, Müller Arne, Wagner Veit, Hillner Charlie, Brannath Werner, Mohr Andreas, Gabel Detlef
1 Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Eur J Ophthalmol. 2018 Jul;28(4):433-440. doi: 10.1177/1120672118766446. Epub 2018 Apr 1.
To compare, for the first time, systematically the toxicity and phototoxicity of dyes and dye combinations used in vitreoretinal surgery. The dyes were trypan blue, brilliant blue G, trypan blue + brilliant blue G, indocyanine green, bromophenol blue, bromophenol blue + brilliant blue G, and acid violet 17, in clinically used concentrations.
Human ARPE retinal pigment epithelium cells were exposed to the dyes for 30 min. For phototoxicity, the cells were exposed for 15 min to high-intensity light from a light emitting diode source with an intensity similar to surgical conditions. Toxicity was assayed either directly after exposure to either dye alone or dye and light, or with a delay of 24 h.
None of the dyes or their combinations was toxic when cells were exposed to them at ambient light. Acid violet led to a reduction viability by 90% already immediately after light exposure. Bromophenol blue and its combination with brilliant blue G showed strong phototoxicity (reduction of viability by 83%) when assayed with delay. Indocyanine green with different agents to adjust osmolarity (balanced salt solution, glucose, and mannitol) was not found to be toxic.
The strong immediate phototoxicity of acid violet reflects its clinical toxicity. Bromophenol blue might also be disadvantageous for patient outcome because of its delayed phototoxicity. The other dyes (trypan blue, brilliant blue g, and indocyanine green) were not found to be toxic neither with exposure to ambient light nor after exposure to light of intensities used in surgery.
首次系统比较玻璃体视网膜手术中使用的染料及染料组合的毒性和光毒性。这些染料包括台盼蓝、亮蓝G、台盼蓝 + 亮蓝G、吲哚菁绿、溴酚蓝、溴酚蓝 + 亮蓝G以及酸性紫17，均为临床使用浓度。
将人ARPE视网膜色素上皮细胞暴露于染料中30分钟。对于光毒性，将细胞暴露于发光二极管光源发出的高强度光下15分钟，该光源强度与手术条件相似。在单独暴露于染料或染料与光之后，或者延迟24小时后测定毒性。
当细胞在环境光下暴露于这些染料或其组合时，均无毒性。酸性紫在光照后立即导致细胞活力降低90%。溴酚蓝及其与亮蓝G的组合在延迟测定时显示出强烈的光毒性（细胞活力降低83%）。未发现吲哚菁绿与不同的渗透压调节剂（平衡盐溶液、葡萄糖和甘露醇）组合具有毒性。
酸性紫强烈的即时光毒性反映了其临床毒性。溴酚蓝因其延迟的光毒性可能对患者预后也不利。未发现其他染料（台盼蓝、亮蓝G和吲哚菁绿）在暴露于环境光或手术中使用的光强度后具有毒性。
