Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Centre for Water and Environmental Sanitation, University Mayor of San Simon, Cochabamba, Bolivia.
PLoS One. 2018 Apr 4;13(4):e0193613. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193613. eCollection 2018.
An estimated 2.4 billion people lack access to improved sanitation which has devastating consequences for human health and the environment. Understanding what constitute sanitation demand is crucial for accelerating the spread of improved sanitation. This study aims to understand the adoption mechanisms for improved sanitation. An informal peri-urban settlement in Cochabamba, Bolivia was selected as a case study to understand adoption patterns. Various qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were employed. The findings showed that pour-flush toilets was the only preferred sanitation alternative at the study site. An adoption framework for waterborne toilets was developed based on diffusion of innovation theory. Factors that influence adoption were identified. Some functioned as triggers and initiated adoption, whereas some factors blocked adoption and constituted veto-barriers. Most factors were connected to the individual household situation and its members, but neighborhood development also affected pour-flush adoption. Based on adoption time the residents were divided into the following adoption groups: first adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards and non-adopters. Each adoption group followed its own adoption route with specific characteristics and respective triggers or veto-barriers. We argue that the strong demand for waterborne toilets in peri-urban areas need to be recognized and the developed framework could be used for customizing sanitation improvement programs for certain target groups.
据估计，有 24 亿人无法获得改良的卫生设施，这对人类健康和环境造成了毁灭性的影响。了解什么是卫生需求对于加速改良卫生设施的普及至关重要。本研究旨在了解改良卫生设施的采用机制。玻利维亚科恰班巴的一个非正规城郊定居点被选为案例研究，以了解采用模式。采用了各种定性的数据收集和分析方法。研究结果表明，在研究地点，冲水马桶是唯一受欢迎的卫生设施替代方案。根据创新扩散理论，开发了一种用于水冲厕所的采用框架。确定了影响采用的因素。一些因素作为触发因素引发了采用，而一些因素则阻碍了采用，并构成了否决障碍。大多数因素与单个家庭情况及其成员有关，但邻里发展也影响了冲水马桶的采用。根据采用时间，居民被分为以下采用群体：早期采用者、早期多数派、晚期多数派、落后者和不采用者。每个采用群体都有自己的采用途径，具有特定的特点和各自的触发因素或否决障碍。我们认为，需要认识到城市周边地区对水冲厕所的强烈需求，并可以使用所开发的框架为特定目标群体定制卫生改善计划。
