Sterkowicz-Przybycien Katarzyna, Gualdi-Russo Emanuela
Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland.
Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2019 Mar;59(3):449-455. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08332-9. Epub 2018 Apr 4.
Studies on the anthropometric characteristics of athletes have a long history, but there are no published reviews on the somatotype of artistic gymnasts. Practitioners and professional coaches can gain guidance from improved understanding of the ideal body constitution and the impact of high-intensity training since preadolescence on body build. The present review is designed to provide this information.
Academic Search Complete, SPORTDiscus, Medline, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were searched in January 2017. All studies on the body composition of male artistic gymnasts were included. We identified 19 studies assessing somatotype in male gymnasts.
We found high heterogeneity of somatotype components between younger gymnasts (≤18 years) and older gymnasts (>18 years) (1.6±0.3, 5.4±0.8, 3.0±0.6 vs. 1.8±0.4, 5.9±0.6, 2.2±0.4). Four different somatotypes resulted from the literature analysis, and ectomorphic mesomorph was the prevalent somatotype in both younger and older athletes. The main result showed a significant difference in ectomorphy (lower in older gymnasts than in younger gymnasts).
Proper interpretation of the literature data may inform future research and enable professional coaches to longitudinally monitor gymnasts' somatotype components during growth and in talent identification. More research is needed to better understand the most suitable somatotype variations related to the different apparatuses used in artistic gymnastics.
对运动员人体测量特征的研究历史悠久，但尚未有关于艺术体操运动员体型的综述发表。从业者和专业教练可以通过更好地了解理想的身体构成以及青春期前高强度训练对体型的影响来获得指导。本综述旨在提供此类信息。
2017年1月检索了学术搜索完整版、体育数据库、医学数据库、谷歌学术和研究之门。纳入了所有关于男性艺术体操运动员身体成分的研究。我们确定了19项评估男性体操运动员体型的研究。
我们发现年轻体操运动员（≤18岁）和年长体操运动员（>18岁）在体型成分上存在高度异质性（分别为1.6±0.3、5.4±0.8、3.0±0.6与1.8±0.4、5.9±0.6、2.2±0.4）。文献分析得出四种不同的体型，在年轻和年长运动员中，外胚层中胚层体型均最为普遍。主要结果显示，外胚层体型存在显著差异（年长体操运动员低于年轻体操运动员）。
对文献数据的合理解读可为未来研究提供参考，并使专业教练能够在体操运动员成长过程中和选材时纵向监测其体型成分。需要更多研究来更好地了解与艺术体操中不同器械相关的最合适的体型变化。
