Pepley David Frederick, Sonntag Cheyenne Cassel, Prabhu Rohan Sunil, Yovanoff Mary Alice, Han David C, Miller Scarlett Rae, Moore Jason Zachary
From the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering (D.F.P.), College of Medicine Department of Surgery (C.C.S., D.C.H.), School of Engineering Design, Technology, and Professional Programs (R.S.P.), Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (M.A.Y.), Department of Engineering Design and Industrial Engineering (S.R.M.), Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering (J.Z.M.), The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA.
Simul Healthc. 2018 Jun;13(3):149-153. doi: 10.1097/SIH.0000000000000302.
Training using ultrasound phantoms allows for safe introduction to clinical skills and is associated with improved in-hospital performance. Many materials have been used to simulate human tissue in phantoms including commercial manikins, agar, gelatin, and Ballistics Gel; however, phantom tissues could be improved to provide higher-fidelity ultrasound images or tactile sensation. This article describes a novel phantom tissue mixture of a modified polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer, mineral oil, and chalk powder and evaluates needle cutting and ultrasonic properties of the modified PVC polymer mixture compared with a variety of phantom tissues.
The first experiment measured axial needle forces of a needle insertion into nine phantom materials, including three formulations of modified PVC. The second experiment used a pairwise comparison survey of ultrasound images to determine the perceived realism of phantom ultrasound images.
It was found that the materials of Ballistics Gel and one of the PVC mixtures provide stiff force feedback similar to cadaver tissue. Other phantom materials including agar and gelatin provide very weak unrealistic force feedback. The survey results showed the PVC mixtures being viewed as the most realistic by the survey participants, whereas agar and Ballistics Gel were seen as the least realistic.
The realism in cutting force and ultrasound visualization was determined for a variety of phantom materials. Novel modified PVC polymer has great potential for use in ultrasound phantoms because of its realistic ultrasound imaging and modifiable stiffness. This customizability allows for easy creation of multilayer tissue phantoms.
使用超声体模进行训练有助于安全地引入临床技能，并与医院内表现的改善相关。许多材料已被用于在体模中模拟人体组织，包括商业人体模型、琼脂、明胶和弹道凝胶；然而，体模组织可以得到改进，以提供更高保真度的超声图像或触觉感受。本文描述了一种由改性聚氯乙烯（PVC）聚合物、矿物油和粉笔末组成的新型体模组织混合物，并评估了与多种体模组织相比，改性PVC聚合物混合物的针刺切割和超声特性。
第一个实验测量了将针插入九种体模材料（包括三种改性PVC配方）时的轴向针力。第二个实验使用超声图像的成对比较调查来确定体模超声图像的逼真程度。
发现弹道凝胶材料和一种PVC混合物提供的硬力反馈与尸体组织相似。其他体模材料，包括琼脂和明胶，提供的力反馈非常微弱且不真实。调查结果显示，PVC混合物被调查参与者视为最逼真的，而琼脂和弹道凝胶被视为最不逼真的。
确定了多种体模材料在切割力和超声可视化方面的逼真程度。新型改性PVC聚合物因其逼真的超声成像和可调节的硬度，在超声体模中具有巨大的应用潜力。这种可定制性使得多层组织体模的制作变得容易。
