Shiraki Yuma, Igarashi Tasuku
Shinrigaku Kenkyu. 2016 Dec;87(5):474-84. doi: 10.4992/jjpsy.87.15040.
We examined two psychological processes of prosocial behavior: feeling gratitude and indebtedness. First, we asked if the value of the behavior for the receiver promotes gratitude; and second if the cost of the behavior for the giver promotes indebtedness. Gratitude and indebtedness were measured as behavioral indices of a quid pro quo (indirect reciprocity and direct reciprocity) to avoid social desirability effects in self-report measures. In Study 1, 119 undergraduates recalled a past experience in which they had been the recipients of prosocial behavior while emphasizing the value, cost, or situation (control) of the event. The level of gratitude was higher, and indirect reciprocity was observed more frequently, in the value condition than in the cost and control conditions. Indebtedness, however, did not differ across the conditions. In Study 2, 59 participants received a gift (the value and cost of which were manipulated) from an imaginary confederate. The value manipulation promoted indirect reciprocity, and both value and cost manipulations encouraged direct reciprocity. Implications for adaptive functions of gratitude in social selection processes are discussed.
感恩和亏欠感。首先，我们探讨行为对接受者的价值是否会引发感恩；其次，行为对给予者的代价是否会引发亏欠感。感恩和亏欠感被作为一种等价交换（间接互惠和直接互惠）的行为指标来衡量，以避免自我报告测量中的社会期望效应。在研究1中，119名本科生回忆了过去他们作为亲社会行为接受者的经历，同时强调事件的价值、代价或情境（控制组）。与代价和控制组条件相比，在价值条件下感恩程度更高，间接互惠也更频繁地被观察到。然而，亏欠感在各条件之间并无差异。在研究2中，59名参与者从一个虚构的同谋那里收到一份礼物（其价值和代价经过操控）。价值操控促进了间接互惠，价值和代价操控都鼓励了直接互惠。我们讨论了感恩在社会选择过程中的适应性功能的意义。
