Engelsgjerd Joshua S., Deibert Christopher M.
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Phillip Bozzini, a German army surgeon, invented the first instrument to visualize the inside of a human body in 1806. He named this device the Lichtleiter. A candle and angled mirrors within the device would enable a surgeon to see inside a body cavity. The device was originally intended to view the pharynx, but it was quickly adapted to view inside the penis and urethra. This was the catalyst for further experimentation and innovation of endoscopic instruments. Maximilian Carl-Friedrich Nitze and Joseph Leiter developed the first true working cystoscope in 1878. From that point on, there has been constant innovation and development that has led to the instruments urologists use today. Cystourethroscopy is one of the most common procedures performed by a urologic surgeon. It allows for direct visualization of the urethra, urethral sphincter, prostate, bladder, and ureteral orifices. There are various indications to perform a cystoscopy, and it can be performed as a simple office procedure or as a procedure in the operating room with the patient under general anesthesia. There are both flexible and rigid cystoscopes and a variety of tools that can be incorporated during cystoscopy, depending on the situation. Cystoscopy is mostly a diagnostic procedure, but there are a limited number of therapeutic procedures that can also be performed. Below, we will discuss the general anatomy of the urethra and bladder, indications for cystoscopy, contraindications, equipment that can be used, technique, and potential complications of cystoscopy.
1806年，德国军医菲利普·博齐尼发明了第一台用于观察人体内部的仪器。他将这台仪器命名为“光导器”。仪器内部的蜡烛和倾斜的镜子能让外科医生看到体腔内部。该仪器最初旨在观察咽部，但很快就被用于观察阴茎和尿道内部。这成为了内窥镜器械进一步实验和创新的催化剂。1878年，马克西米利安·卡尔 - 弗里德里希·尼采和约瑟夫·莱特研制出了第一台真正可用的膀胱镜。从那时起，不断的创新和发展造就了如今泌尿科医生所使用的器械。膀胱尿道镜检查是泌尿外科医生最常进行的手术之一。它能直接观察尿道、尿道括约肌、前列腺、膀胱和输尿管口。进行膀胱镜检查有多种适应症，既可以作为简单的门诊手术进行，也可以在手术室对全身麻醉的患者进行。根据情况，有可弯曲和刚性的膀胱镜以及多种可在膀胱镜检查过程中使用的工具。膀胱镜检查主要是一种诊断性手术，但也可以进行数量有限的治疗性手术。下面，我们将讨论尿道和膀胱的一般解剖结构、膀胱镜检查的适应症、禁忌症、可用设备、技术以及膀胱镜检查的潜在并发症。
