MacLeod C M, Dunbar K
Division of Life Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1988 Jan;14(1):126-35. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.14.1.126.
Three experiments varied the extent of practice in an analog of the Stroop color-work task. Each experiment involved four phases: (a) baseline naming of four familiar colors, (b) training in consistently naming four novel shapes by using the names of the same four colors, (c) naming the colors when they appeared in the form of the shapes, and (d) naming the shapes when they appeared in color. In Experiment 1, with up to 2 hr of training in shape naming, colors were named much faster than shapes. Interference was observed only in Phase 4. In Experiment 2, with 5 hr of training, shape naming sped up, but was still slower than color naming. Nevertheless, there was symmetrical interference in Phases 3 and 4, and this persisted 3 months later without further training. Experiment 3 replicated this pattern and then extended practice to 20 hr, by which time shape and color naming were equally rapid. After 20 hr, interference appeared only in Phase 3, reversing the original asymmetry. The overall pattern is inconsistent with a simple speed of processing account of interference. The alternative idea of a continuum of automaticity--a direct consequence of training--remains plausible, and the implications of this perspective are considered.
三项实验改变了在一项类似斯特鲁普颜色任务中的练习程度。每个实验都包含四个阶段：（a）对四种熟悉颜色进行基线命名，（b）通过使用相同的四种颜色的名称来持续命名四种新形状进行训练，（c）当颜色以形状的形式出现时命名颜色，以及（d）当形状以颜色的形式出现时命名形状。在实验1中，经过长达2小时的形状命名训练，命名颜色的速度比命名形状的速度快得多。仅在阶段4中观察到干扰。在实验2中，经过5小时的训练，形状命名速度加快，但仍比颜色命名慢。然而，在阶段3和阶段4中存在对称干扰，并且在没有进一步训练的情况下，这种干扰在3个月后仍然存在。实验3重复了这一模式，然后将练习延长至20小时，到那时形状和颜色命名的速度变得一样快。在20小时后，干扰仅出现在阶段3中，这与最初的不对称情况相反。整体模式与干扰的简单加工速度解释不一致。自动性连续体这一替代观点——训练的直接结果——仍然合理，并对这一观点的影响进行了探讨。
