Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva, 955, Nazaré, Belém, CEP 66055-090, Brazil.
Universidade Federal do Pará, Geosciences Institute, Av. Augusto Correa 1, Belém, CEP 66075-110, Brazil.
Ambio. 2019 Jan;48(1):74-88. doi: 10.1007/s13280-018-1053-8. Epub 2018 Apr 11.
Environmental legislation in many countries demands the rehabilitation of degraded areas to minimize environmental impacts. Brazilian laws require the restitution of self-sustaining ecosystems to historical conditions but ignore the emergence of novel ecosystems due to large-scale changes, such as species invasions, extinctions, and land-use or climate changes, although these novel ecosystems might fulfill ecosystem services in similar ways as historic ecosystems. Thorough discussions of rehabilitation goals, target ecosystems, applied methods, and approaches to achieving mine land rehabilitation, as well as dialogues about the advantages and risks of chemical inputs or non-native, non-invasive species that include all political, economic, social, and academic stakeholders are necessary to achieve biological feasibility, sociocultural acceptance, economic viability, and institutional tractability during environmental rehabilitation. Scientific knowledge of natural and rehabilitating ecosystems is indispensable for advancing these discussions and achieving more sustainable mining. Both mining companies and public institutions are responsible for obtaining this knowledge.
许多国家的环境法规要求恢复退化区域，以尽量减少环境影响。巴西法律要求将生态系统恢复到历史条件，但忽略了由于大规模变化（如物种入侵、灭绝以及土地利用或气候变化）而出现的新型生态系统，尽管这些新型生态系统可能以与历史生态系统相似的方式提供生态系统服务。需要彻底讨论恢复目标、目标生态系统、应用方法和实现矿山土地恢复的方法，以及关于包括所有政治、经济、社会和学术利益相关者的化学投入或非本地、非入侵物种的优势和风险的对话，以实现环境恢复过程中的生物可行性、社会文化可接受性、经济可行性和制度可操作性。自然和恢复中的生态系统的科学知识对于推进这些讨论和实现更可持续的采矿至关重要。采矿公司和公共机构都有责任获得这些知识。
