Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research Station, 5984, Matre, Norway.
BMC Ecol. 2018 Apr 12;18(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s12898-018-0170-3.
In fish, morphological colour changes occur from variations in pigment concentrations and in the morphology, density, and distribution of chromatophores in the skin. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved in most species. Here, we describe the first investigation into the genetic and environmental basis of spot pattern development in one of the world's most studied fishes, the Atlantic salmon. We reared 920 salmon from 64 families of domesticated, F1-hybrid and wild origin in two contrasting environments (Hatchery; tanks for the freshwater stage and sea cages for the marine stage, and River; a natural river for the freshwater stage and tanks for the marine stage). Fish were measured, photographed and spot patterns evaluated.
In the Hatchery experiment, significant but modest differences in spot density were observed among domesticated, F1-hybrid (1.4-fold spottier than domesticated) and wild salmon (1.7-fold spottier than domesticated). A heritability of 6% was calculated for spot density, and a significant QTL on linkage group SSA014 was detected. In the River experiment, significant but modest differences in spot density were also observed among domesticated, F1-hybrid (1.2-fold spottier than domesticated) and wild salmon (1.8-fold spottier than domesticated). Domesticated salmon were sevenfold spottier in the Hatchery vs. River experiment. While different wild populations were used for the two experiments, on average, these were 6.2-fold spottier in the Hatchery vs. River experiment. Fish in the Hatchery experiment displayed scattered to random spot patterns while fish in the River experiment displayed clustered spot patterns.
These data demonstrate that while genetics plays an underlying role, environmental variation represents the primary determinant of spot pattern development in Atlantic salmon.
在鱼类中，形态颜色的变化是由于色素浓度的变化以及皮肤中色素细胞的形态、密度和分布的变化引起的。然而，在大多数物种中，这些潜在机制仍未得到解决。在这里，我们描述了对世界上研究最多的鱼类之一——大西洋鲑鱼的斑点图案发育的遗传和环境基础的首次研究。我们在两个具有对比性的环境（孵化场；淡水阶段的水箱和海水阶段的网箱，以及河流；淡水阶段的天然河流和海水阶段的水箱）中饲养了 64 个家庭的驯化、F1 杂种和野生起源的 920 条鲑鱼。对鱼进行了测量、拍照和斑点图案评估。
在孵化场实验中，驯化、F1 杂种（比驯化鱼斑点密度高 1.4 倍）和野生鲑鱼（比驯化鱼斑点密度高 1.7 倍）之间观察到了显著但适度的斑点密度差异。斑点密度的遗传力为 6%，并在连锁群 SSA014 上检测到了一个显著的 QTL。在河流实验中，驯化、F1 杂种（比驯化鱼斑点密度高 1.2 倍）和野生鲑鱼（比驯化鱼斑点密度高 1.8 倍）之间也观察到了显著但适度的斑点密度差异。在孵化场实验中，驯化鲑鱼比河流实验中的鲑鱼斑点密度高 7 倍。虽然两个实验使用了不同的野生种群，但平均而言，这些种群在孵化场实验中的斑点密度比河流实验高 6.2 倍。孵化场实验中的鱼显示出分散到随机的斑点图案，而河流实验中的鱼显示出聚集的斑点图案。
这些数据表明，尽管遗传起着潜在的作用，但环境变化是大西洋鲑鱼斑点图案发育的主要决定因素。
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