Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Center for Matrix Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
Matrix Biol. 2019 Jan;75-76:72-81. doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.004. Epub 2018 Apr 12.
Basement membrane plays a foundational role in the structure and maintenance of many tissues throughout the animal kingdom. In addition to signaling to cells through cell-surface receptors, basement membrane directly influences the development and maintenance of organ shape via its mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of basement membrane are dictated by its composition, geometry, and crosslinking. Distinguishing between the ways the basement membrane influences morphology in vivo poses a major challenge. Drosophila melanogaster, already established as a powerful model for the analysis of cell signaling, has in recent years emerged as a tractable model for understanding the roles of basement membrane stiffness in vivo, in shaping and maintaining the morphology of tissues and organs. In addition to the plethora of genetic tools available in flies, the major proteins found in vertebrate basement membranes are all present in Drosophila. Furthermore, Drosophila has fewer copies of the genes encoding these proteins, making flies more amenable to genetic manipulation than vertebrate models. Because the development of Drosophila organs has been well-characterized, these different organ systems offer a variety of contexts for analyzing the role of basement membrane in development. The developing egg chamber and central nervous system, for example, have been important models for assessing the role of basement membrane stiffness in influencing organ shape. Studies in the nervous system have also shown how basement membrane stiffness can influence cellular migration in vivo. Finally, work in the imaginal wing disc has illuminated a distinct mechanism by which basement membrane can alter organ shape and size, by sequestering signaling ligands. This mini-review highlights the recent discoveries pertaining to basement membrane mechanics during Drosophila development.
基底膜在动物界的许多组织的结构和维持中起着基础作用。除了通过细胞表面受体向细胞发出信号外，基底膜还通过其机械性能直接影响器官形状的发育和维持。基底膜的机械性能取决于其组成、几何形状和交联。区分基底膜在体内影响形态的方式是一个主要挑战。黑腹果蝇已被确立为细胞信号分析的强大模型，近年来已成为理解体内基底膜硬度在塑造和维持组织和器官形态中的作用的可行模型。除了果蝇中可用的大量遗传工具外，脊椎动物基底膜中发现的主要蛋白质在果蝇中都存在。此外，果蝇中编码这些蛋白质的基因的拷贝数较少，这使得果蝇比脊椎动物模型更易于进行遗传操作。由于果蝇器官的发育已经得到了很好的描述，这些不同的器官系统为分析基底膜在发育中的作用提供了各种背景。例如，正在发育的卵室和中枢神经系统一直是评估基底膜硬度在影响器官形状中的作用的重要模型。神经系统的研究还表明，基底膜硬度如何影响体内细胞的迁移。最后，在 imaginal 翅盘中的工作阐明了基底膜通过隔离信号配体来改变器官形状和大小的独特机制。这篇小型综述强调了最近在果蝇发育过程中关于基底膜力学的发现。
